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WebSphere Application Server Security

IBM WAS provides security infrastructure and authentication mechanisms to protect sensitive J2EE resources and administrative resources, addressing enterprise end-to-end security requirements on:

WAS ensures secure connectivity and interoperability with Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) including:

WAS also supports external security providers including:

IBM WAS provides a unified, policy-based, and permission-based model for securing web resources, web service endpoints, and enterprise JavaBeans according to J2EE specifications. WAS security is a layered architecture built on an operating system platform, a JVM, and Java 2 security. This security model includes:

For socket communication, message encryption, and data encryption use:


Open architecture paradigm

An application server is part of the multiple-tier enterprise computing framework. WAS provides plug-in points to integrate with enterprise software components. based on standard J2EE specifications wherever applicable.

The dark blue shaded background indicates the boundary between the WASv9.0 and other business application components.

WAS provides the following authentication mechanisms:

WAS provides the following user registry implementations:

Exactly one user registry implementation can be configured to be the active user registry of WAS security domain.

WAS supports the J2EE Connector architecture and offers container-managed authentication. It provides a default Java 2 Connector (J2C) principal and credential mapping module that maps any authenticated user credential to a password credential for the specified Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) security domain. The mapping module is a special JAAS login module designed according to the Java 2 Connector and JAAS specifications. Other mapping login modules can be plugged in.

In addition to Local OS, LDAP and federated repository registries, WAS also provides a plug-in to support any registry using the Custom registry feature (also referred as Custom user registry).


Authentication mechanisms

In WAS, the following authentication mechanisms are supported:


IIOP authentication protocols

IIOP Authentication protocol refers to the mechanisms used to authenticate requests from a Java Client to a WAS for z/OS, or between J2EE Application Servers. Common Secure Interoperability v2 (CSIv2) is implemented in WAS for z/OS v6.x or later and is considered the strategic protocol.


Web Services Security

WAS enables us to secure web services based upon the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) Web Services Security Version 1.1 specification. These standards address how to provide protection for messages exchanged in a web service environment. The specification defines the core facilities for protecting the integrity and confidentiality of a message and provides mechanisms for associating security-related claims with the message.


Trust associations

Trust association enables us to integrate third-party security servers with IBM WAS security. More specifically, a reverse proxy server can act as a front-end authentication server while the WAS applies its own authorization policy onto the resulting credentials passed by the proxy server. The reverse proxy server applies its authentication policies to every web request that is dispatched to WAS. The products that implement trust association interceptors (TAI) include:


Security attribute propagation

Security attribute propagation enables WAS to transport security attributes from one server to another in the configuration. Security attributes include authenticated subject contents and security context information. WAS can obtain these security attributes from either:

Security attribute propagation provides propagation services using Java serialization for any objects contained in the subject. For more information on using security attribute propagation, refer to Security attribute propagation.


Single sign-on interoperability mode

In WAS, the interoperability mode option enables Single Sign-on (SSO) connections between WAS version 6.1.x or later to interoperate with previous versions of the application server. When selected, WAS adds the old-style LtpaToken into the response so that it can be sent to other servers that work only with this token type. This option applies only when the web inbound security attribute propagation option is enabled. For more information on single sign-on, refer to Implement single sign-on to minimize web user authentications


Security for J2EE resources using web containers and EJB containers

Each container provides two kinds of security: declarative security and programmatic security. In declarative security, the security structure of an application, including data integrity and confidentiality, authentication requirements, security roles, and access control, is expressed in a form external to the application. In particular the deployment descriptor is the primary vehicle for declarative security in the J2EE platform. WAS maintains a J2EE security policy, including information derived from the deployment descriptor and specified by deployers and administrators in a set of XML descriptor files. At run time, the container uses the security policy defined in the XML descriptor files to enforce data constraints and access control. When declarative security alone is not sufficient to express the security model of an application, the application code can use programmatic security to make access decisions. The API for programmatic security consists of two methods of the EJB EJBContext interface (isCallerInRole, getCallerPrincipal) and three methods of the servlet HttpServletrequest interface (isUserInRole, getUserPrincipal, getRemoteUser).


Java 2 security

WAS supports the Java 2 security model. System codes such as the administrative subsystem, the web container, and the EJB container, are running in the WAS security domain, which in the present implementation are granted with AllPermission and can access all system resources. Application code running in the application security domain, which by default is granted with permissions according to J2EE specifications, can access only a restricted set of system resources. WAS run-time classes are protected by the WAS class loader and are kept invisible to application code.


J2EE Connector security

WAS supports the J2EE Connector architecture and offers container-managed authentication. It provides a default J2C principal and credential mapping module that maps any authenticated user credential to a password credential for the specified Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) security domain.

All of the application server processes, by default, share a common security configuration, which is defined in a cell-level security XML document. The security configuration determines whether WAS security is enforced, whether Java 2 security is enforced, the authentication mechanism and user registry configuration, security protocol configurations, JAAS login configurations, and Secure Sockets Layer configurations. Applications can have their own unique security requirements. Each application server process can create a per server security configuration to address its own security requirement or be mapped to a WebSphere Security domain. Not all security configurations can be modified at the application server level. Some security configurations that can be modified at application server level include whether application security should be enforced, whether Java 2 security should be enforced, and security protocol configurations. WebSphere Security domains allow for more control over the security configuration and can be mapped to individual servers. Read about Multiple security domains for more information.

The administrative subsystem security configuration is always determined by the cell level security document. The web container and EJB container security configuration are determined by the optional per server level security document, which has precedence over the cell-level security document. Security configuration, both at the cell level and at the application server level, are managed either by the Web-based administrative console application or by the appropriate scripting application.


Web security

When a security policy is specified for a web resource and IBM WAS security is enforced, the web container performs access control when the resource is requested by a web client. The web container challenges the web client for authentication data if none is present according to the specified authentication method, ensures that the data constraints are met, and determines whether the authenticated user has the required security role. WAS supports the following login methods:

Mapping a client certificate to a WAS security credential uses the UserRegistry implementation to perform the mapping.

On WAS, the local OS user registry does not support the mapping function.

When the LTPA authentication mechanism is configured and single sign-on (SSO) is enabled, an authenticated client is issued a security cookie, which can represent the user within the specified security domain.

IBM recommends that we use SSL to protect the security cookie or Basic Authentication information from being intercepted and replayed. When a trust association is configured, WAS can map an authenticated user identity to security credentials based on the trust relationship established with the secure reverse proxy server.

When considering web security collaborators and EJB security collaborators:

  1. The web security collaborator enforces role-based access control using an access manager implementation. An access manager makes authorization decisions based on the security policy derived from the deployment descriptor. An authenticated user principal can access the requested Servlet or JSP file if the user principal has one of the required security roles. Servlets and JSP files can use the HttpServletRequest methods: isUserInRole, getUserPrincipal, and getRemoteUser. As an example, the administrative console uses the isUserInRole method to determine the proper set of administrative functionality to expose to a user principal.

  2. The EJB security collaborator enforces role-based access control using an access manager implementation. An access manager makes authorization decisions based on the security policy derived from the deployment descriptor. An authenticated user principal can access the requested EJB method if it has one of the required security roles. EJB code can use the EJBContext methods isCallerInRole and getCallerPrincipal. EJB code also can use the JAAS programming model to perform JAAS login and WSSubject doAs and doAsPrivileged methods. The code in the doAs and doAsPrivileged PrivilegedAction block executes under the Subject identity. Otherwise, the EJB method executes under either the RunAs identity or the caller identity, depending on the RunAs configuration.


EJB security

When security is enabled, the EJB container enforces access control on EJB method invocation. The authentication takes place regardless of whether a method permission is defined for the specific EJB method.

A Java application client can provide the authentication data in several ways. Using the sas.client.props file, a Java client can specify whether to use a user ID and password to authenticate or to use an SSL client certificate to authenticate. The client certificate is stored in the key file or in the hardware cryptographic card, as defined in a sas.client.props file. The user ID and password can be optionally defined in the sas.client.props file.

At run time, the Java client can either perform a programmatic login or perform a lazy authentication.

In lazy authentication when the Java client is accessing a protected enterprise bean for the first time, the security run time tries to obtain the required authentication data. Depending on the configuration setting in sas.client.props file the security runtime either looks up the authentication data from this file or prompts the user. Alternatively, a Java client can use programmatic login. WAS supports the JAAS programming model and the JAAS login (LoginContext) is the recommended way of programmatic login. The login_helper request_login helper function is deprecated in v6.x and v9.0. Java clients programmed to the login_helper APT can run in this version.

The EJB security collaborator enforces role-based access control using an access manager implementation.

An access manager makes authorization decisions based on the security policy derived from the deployment descriptor. An authenticated user principal can access the requested EJB method if it has one of the required security roles. EJB code can use the EJBContext methods isCallerInRole and getCallerPrincipal. EJB code also can use the JAAS programming model to perform JAAS login and WSSubject doAs and doAsPrivileged methods. The code in the doAs and doAsPrivileged PrivilegedAction block executes under the Subject identity. Otherwise, the EJB method executes under either the RunAs identity or the caller identity, depending on the RunAs configuration. The J2EE RunAs specification is at the enterprise bean level. When RunAs identity is specified, it applies to all bean methods. The method level IBM RunAs extension introduced in Version 4.0 is still supported in this version.


Federal Information Processing Standards-approved

Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are standards and guidelines issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for federal computer systems. FIPS are developed when there are compelling federal government requirements for standards, such as for security and interoperability, but acceptable industry standards or solutions do not exist.

WAS integrates cryptographic modules including JSSE and Java Cryptography Extension (JCE), which have undergone FIPS 140-2 certification.

For more information, refer to Configure Federal Information Processing Standard Java Secure Socket Extension files.

The IBMJCEFIPS module supports the following symmetric cipher suites:

The IBMJCEFIPS module supports the following algorithms:

The IBMJCEFIPS cryptographic module contains the algorithms that are approved by FIPS, which form a proper subset of those in the IBM JCE modules.


Related:

  • Administrative security
  • Server and administrative security
  • CSIv2 features
  • Delegations
  • Java EE connector security
  • Standalone LDAP registries
  • Local operating system registries
  • LTPA
  • JAAS
  • Programmatic login for JAAS
  • Role-based authorization
  • Multiple security domains
  • Java 2 security
  • Java 2 security policy files
  • Trust associations
  • Web services message-level security
  • Federated repositories
  • Select an authentication mechanism
  • Select a registry or repository
  • Configure Federal Information Processing Standard Java Secure Socket Extension files
  • Implement a custom authentication provider using JASPI
  • Access control exception for Java 2 security