rksh
User Commands ksh(1)NAME
ksh, rksh - KornShell, a standard/restricted command and programming languageSYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/ksh [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... [ arg ... ] /usr/bin/ksh -c [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... command_string [ command_name [ arg ... ] ] /usr/xpg4/bin/sh [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... [ arg ... ] /usr/xpg4/bin/sh -c [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... command_string [ command_name [ arg ... ] ] /usr/bin/rksh [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... [ arg ... ] /usr/bin/rksh -c [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ] ... command_string [ command_name [ arg ... ] ]DESCRIPTION
/usr/xpg4/bin/sh is identical to /usr/bin/ksh, a command and programming language that executes commands read from a ter- minal or a file. rksh is a restricted version of the command interpreter ksh; it is used to set up login names and execu- tion environments whose capabilities are more controlled than those of the standard shell. See Invocation below for the meaning of arguments to the shell. Definitions A metacharacter is one of the following characters: ; & ( ) | < > NEWLINE SPACE TAB A blank is a TAB or a SPACE. An identifier is a sequence of letters, digits, or underscores starting with a letter or underscore. Identifiers are used as names for functions and variables. A word is a sequence of characters separated by one or more non-quoted metacharacters. A command is a sequence of characters in the syntax of the shell language. The shell reads each command and carries out the desired action either directly or by invoking separate utilities. A special-command is a command that is carried out by the shell without creating a separate process. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 1 User Commands ksh(1) Except for documented side effects, most special commands can be implemented as separate utilities. Commands A simple-command is a sequence of blank-separated words which may be preceded by a variable assignment list. (See Environment below.) The first word specifies the name of the command to be executed. Except as specified below, the remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked com- mand. The command name is passed as argument 0 (see exec(2)). The value of a simple-command is its exit status if it terminates normally. If it terminates abnormally due to receipt of a signal, the value is the signal number plus 128. See signal(3HEAD) for a list of signal values. Obvi- ously, normal exit status values 129 to 255 cannot be dis- tinguished from abnormal exit caused by receiving signal numbers 1 to 127. A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by |. The standard output of each command but the last is connected by a pipe(2) to the standard input of the next command. Each command is run as a separate process; the shell waits for the last command to terminate. The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command. A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by ;, &, &&, or ||, and optionally terminated by ;, &, or |&. Of these five symbols, ;, &, and |& have equal precedence, which is lower than that of && and ||. The symbols && and || also have equal precedence. A semicolon (;) causes sequen- tial execution of the preceding pipeline; an ampersand (&) causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline (that is, the shell does not wait for that pipeline to fin- ish). The symbol |& causes asynchronous execution of the preceding command or pipeline with a two-way pipe esta- blished to the parent shell. The standard input and output of the spawned command can be written to and read from by the parent shell using the -p option of the special commands read and print described in Special Commands. The symbol && (||) causes the list follow- ing it to be executed only if the preceding pipeline returns 0 (or a non-zero) value. An arbitrary number of new-lines may appear in a list, instead of a semicolon, to delimit a command. A command is either a simple-command or one of the follow- ing. Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a com- mand is that of the last simple-command executed in the com- mand. for identifier [ in word ... SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 2 User Commands ksh(1) ] ; do list ; done" 6 Each time a for command is exe- cuted, identifier is set to the next word taken from the in word list. If in word ... is omitted, then the for command executes the do list once for each posi- tional parameter that is set (see Parameter Substitu- tion below). Execution ends when there are no more words in the list. select identifier [ in word ... ] ; do list ; done A select command prints to standard error (file descriptor 2), the set of words, each preceded by a number. If in word ... is omitted, then the positional parameters are used instead (see Parameter Substitu- tion below). The PS3 prompt is printed and a line is read from the standard input. If this line consists of the number of one of the listed words, then the value of the variable identifier is set to the word corresponding to this number. If this line is empty the selection list is printed again. Otherwise the value of the variable identifier is set to NULL. (See Blank Interpretation about NULL). The contents of the line read from standard input is saved in the shell variable REPLY. The list is executed for each selection until a break or EOF is encountered. If the REPLY variable is set to NULL by the execution of list, then the selection list is printed before displaying the PS3 prompt for the next selection. case word in [ pattern [ | pattern ] ) list ;; ] ... esac A case command executes the list associated with the first pattern that matches word. The form of the pat- terns is the same as that used for file-name genera- tion (see File Name Generation below). ; ] fi if list ; then list ; [ elif list ; then list ; ... ] [ else list The list following if is executed and, if it returns an exit status of 0, the list following the first then is executed. Otherwise, the list following elif is executed and, if its value is 0, the list following the next then is executed. Failing that, the else list is executed. If no else list or then list is exe- cuted, then the if command returns 0 exit status. while list ; do list ; done until list ; do list ; done A while command repeatedly executes the while list and, if the exit status of the last command in the list is 0, executes the do list; otherwise the loop terminates. If no commands in the do list are exe- cuted, then the while command returns 0 exit status; SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 3 User Commands ksh(1) until may be used in place of while to negate the loop termination test. (list) Execute list in a separate environment. Note, that if two adjacent open parentheses are needed for nesting, a space must be inserted to avoid arithmetic evalua- tion as described below. {list} list is simply executed. Note that unlike the meta- characters ( and ), { and } are reserved words and must occur at the beginning of a line or after a ; in order to be recognized. [[expression]] Evaluates expression and returns 0 exit status when expression is true. See Conditional Expressions below, for a description of expression. function identifier { list ;} identifier() { list ;} Define a function which is referenced by identifier. The body of the function is the list of commands between { and }. (See Functions below). time pipeline The pipeline is executed and the elapsed time as well as the user and system time are printed to standard error. The following reserved words are only recognized as the first word of a command and when not quoted: ! if then else elif fi case esac for while until do done { } function select time [[ ]] Comments A word beginning with # causes that word and all the follow- ing characters up to a new-line to be ignored. Aliasing The first word of each command is replaced by the text of an alias if an alias for this word has been defined. An alias name consists of any number of characters excluding meta- characters, quoting characters, file expansion characters, parameter and command substitution characters, and =. The replacement string can contain any valid shell script SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 4 User Commands ksh(1) including the metacharacters listed above. The first word of each command in the replaced text, other than any that are in the process of being replaced, will be tested for aliases. If the last character of the alias value is a blank then the word following the alias will also be checked for alias substitution. Aliases can be used to redefine special builtin commands but cannot be used to redefine the reserved words listed above. Aliases can be created, listed, and exported with the alias command and can be removed with the unalias command. Exported aliases remain in effect for scripts invoked by name, but must be reinitialized for separate invocations of the shell (see Invocation below). To prevent infinite loops in recursive aliasing, if the shell is not currently processing an alias of the same name, the word will be replaced by the value of the alias; otherwise, it will not be replaced. Aliasing is performed when scripts are read, not while they are executed. Therefore, for an alias to take effect, the alias definition command has to be executed before the com- mand which references the alias is read. Aliases are frequently used as a short hand for full path names. An option to the aliasing facility allows the value of the alias to be automatically set to the full pathname of the corresponding command. These aliases are called tracked aliases. The value of a tracked alias is defined the first time the corresponding command is looked up and becomes undefined each time the PATH variable is reset. These aliases remain tracked so that the next subsequent reference will redefine the value. Several tracked aliases are com- piled into the shell. The -h option of the set command makes each referenced command name into a tracked alias. The following exported aliases are compiled into (and built-in to) the shell but can be unset or redefined: autoload='typeset -fu' false='let 0' functions='typeset -f' hash='alias -t' history='fc -l' integer='typeset -i' nohup='nohup ' r='fc -e -' true=':' type='whence -v' An example concerning trailing blank characters and reserved words follows. If the user types: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 5 User Commands ksh(1) $ alias foo="/bin/ls " $ alias while="/" the effect of executing: $ while true > do > echo "Hello, World" > done is a never-ending sequence of Hello, World strings to the screen. However, if the user types: $ foo while the result will be an ls listing of /. Since the alias sub- stitution for foo ends in a space character, the next word is checked for alias substitution. The next word, while, has also been aliased, so it is substituted as well. Since it is not in the proper position as a command word, it is not recognized as a reserved word. If the user types: $ foo; while while retains its normal reserved-word properties. Tilde Substitution After alias substitution is performed, each word is checked to see if it begins with an unquoted ~. If it does, then the word up to a / is checked to see if it matches a user name. If a match is found, the ~ and the matched login name are replaced by the login directory of the matched user. This is called a tilde substitution. If no match is found, the original text is left unchanged. A ~ by itself, or in front of a /, is replaced by $HOME. A ~ followed by a + or - is replaced by $PWD and $OLDPWD respectively. In addition, tilde substitution is attempted when the value of a variable assignment begins with a ~. Tilde Expansion A tilde-prefix consists of an unquoted tilde character at the beginning of a word, followed by all of the characters SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 6 User Commands ksh(1) preceding the first unquoted slash in the word, or all the characters in the word if there is no slash. In an assign- ment, multiple tilde-prefixes can be used: at the beginning of the word (that is, following the equal sign of the assignment), following any unquoted colon or both. A tilde- prefix in an assignment is terminated by the first unquoted colon or slash. If none of the characters in the tilde- prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix fol- lowing the tilde are treated as a possible login name from the user database. A portable login name cannot contain characters outside the set given in the description of the LOGNAME environment variable. If the login name is null (that is, the tilde- prefix contains only the tilde), the tilde-prefix will be replaced by the value of the variable HOME. If HOME is unset, the results are unspecified. Otherwise, the tilde- prefix will be replaced by a pathname of the home directory associated with the login name obtained using the getpwnam function. If the system does not recognize the login name, the results are undefined. Tilde expansion generally occurs only at the beginning of words, but an exception based on historical practice has been included: PATH=/posix/bin:~dgk/bin is eligible for tilde expansion because tilde follows a colon and none of the relevant characters is quoted. Con- sideration was given to prohibiting this behavior because any of the following are reasonable substitutes: PATH=$ printf(%s ~karels/bin : ~bostic/bin) for Dir in ~maart/bin ~srb/bin . do PATH=${PATH:+$PATH:}$Dir done With the first command, explicit colons are used for each directory. In all cases, the shell performs tilde expansion on each directory because all are separate words to the shell. Note that expressions in operands such as: make -k mumble LIBDIR=~chet/lib SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 7 User Commands ksh(1) do not qualify as shell variable assignments and tilde expansion is not performed (unless the command does so itself, which make does not). The special sequence $~ has been designated for future implementations to evaluate as a means of forcing tilde expansion in any word. Because of the requirement that the word not be quoted, the following are not equivalent; only the last will cause tilde expansion: \~hlj/ ~h\lj/ ~"hlj"/ ~hlj\/ ~hlj/ The results of giving tilde with an unknown login name are undefined because the KornShell ~+ and ~- constructs make use of this condition, but, in general it is an error to give an incorrect login name with tilde. The results of hav- ing HOME unset are unspecified because some historical shells treat this as an error. Command Substitution The standard output from a command enclosed in parenthesis preceded by a dollar sign (that is, $(command)) or a pair of grave accents (``) may be used as part or all of a word; trailing new-lines are removed. In the second (archaic) form, the string between the quotes is processed for special quoting characters before the command is executed. (See Quoting below.) The command substitution $ cat(file) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $(<file). Command sub- stitution of most special commands that do not perform input/output redirection are carried out without creating a separate process. Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in place of the command name itself. Command substitution occurs when the command is enclosed as follows: $(command) or (backquoted version): `command` The shell will expand the command substitution by executing command in a subshell environment and replacing the command substitution (the text of command plus the enclosing $() or backquotes) with the standard output of the command, SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 8 User Commands ksh(1) removing sequences of one or more newline characters at the end of the substitution. Embedded newline characters before the end of the output will not be removed; however, they may be treated as field delimiters and eliminated during field splitting, depending on the value of IFS and quoting that is in effect. Within the backquoted style of command substitution, backslash shall retain its literal meaning, except when fol- lowed by: $ ` \ (dollar-sign, backquote, backslash). The search for the matching backquote is satisfied by the first backquote found without a preceding backslash; during this search, if a non-escaped backquote is encountered within a shell comment, a here-document, an embedded command substitution of the $(command) form, or a quoted string, undefined results occur. A single- or double-quoted string that begins, but does not end, within the `...` sequence produces undefined results. With the $(command) form, all characters following the open parenthesis to the matching closing parenthesis constitute the command. Any valid shell script can be used for command, except: + A script consisting solely of redirections produces unspecified results. + See the restriction on single subshells described below. The results of command substitution will not be field split- ting and pathname expansion processed for further tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution or arithmetic expansion. If a command substitution occurs inside double-quotes, it will not be performed on the results of the substitution. Command substitution can be nested. To specify nesting within the backquoted version, the application must precede the inner backquotes with backslashes; for example: `\`command\`` The $() form of command substitution solves a problem of inconsistent behavior when using backquotes. For example: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 9 User Commands ksh(1) Command | Output echo '\$x' | \$x echo `echo '\$x'` | $x echo $(echo '\$x') | \$x Additionally, the backquoted syntax has historical restric- tions on the contents of the embedded command. While the new $() form can process any kind of valid embedded script, the backquoted form cannot handle some valid scripts that include backquotes. For example, these otherwise valid embedded scripts do not work in the left column, but do work on the right: echo ` | echo $( cat <<eeof | cat <<eeof a here-doc with ` | a here-doc with ) eof | eof ` | ) echo ` | echo $( echo abc # a comment with ` | echo abc # a comment with ) ` | ) echo ` | echo $( echo '`' | echo ')' ` | ) Because of these inconsistent behaviors, the backquoted variety of command substitution is not recommended for new applications that nest command substitutions or attempt to embed complex scripts. If the command substitution consists of a single subshell, such as: $( (command) ) a portable application must separate the $( and ( into two tokens (that is, separate them with white space). This is required to avoid any ambiguities with arithmetic expansion. Arithmetic Expansion An arithmetic expression enclosed in double parentheses pre- ceded by a dollar sign ( $((arithmetic-expression)) ) is replaced by the value of the arithmetic expression within the double parenthesis. Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic expression and sub- stituting its value. The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows: $((expression)) SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 10 User Commands ksh(1) The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially. The shell will expand all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion, command substitution and quote removal. Next, the shell will treat this as an arithmetic expression and substitute the value of the expression. The arithmetic expression will be processed according to the rules of the ISO C with the following exceptions: + Only integer arithmetic is required. + The sizeof() operator and the prefix and postfix ++ and -- operators are not required. + Selection, iteration, and jump statements are not sup- ported. As an extension, the shell may recognize arithmetic expres- sions beyond those listed. If the expression is invalid, the expansion will fail and the shell will write a message to standard error indicating the failure. A simple example using arithmetic expansion: # repeat a command 100 times x=100 while [ $x -gt 0 ] do command x=$(($x-1)) done Process Substitution This feature is available in SunOS and only on versions of the UNIX operating system that support the /dev/fd directory for naming open files. Each command argument of the form <(list) or >(list) will run process list asynchronously con- nected to some file in /dev/fd. The name of this file will become the argument to the command. If the form with > is selected, then writing on this file will provide input for list. If < is used, then the file passed as an argument will contain the output of the list process. For example, paste <(cut -f1 file1) <(cut -f3 file2) | tee >(pro- cess1) >(process2) cuts fields 1 and 3 from the files file1 and file2, respec- tively, pastes the results together, and sends it to the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 11 User Commands ksh(1) processes process1 and process2, as well as putting it onto the standard output. Note that the file, which is passed as an argument to the command, is a UNIX pipe(2) so programs that expect to lseek(2) on the file will not work. Parameter Substitution A parameter is an identifier, one or more digits, or any of the characters *, @, #, ?, -, $, and !. A variable (a param- eter denoted by an identifier) has a value and zero or more attributes. variables can be assigned values and attributes by using the typeset special command. The attributes sup- ported by the shell are described later with the typeset special command. Exported variables pass values and attri- butes to the environment. The shell supports a one-dimensional array facility. An ele- ment of an array variable is referenced by a subscript. A subscript is denoted by a [, followed by an arithmetic expression (see Arithmetic Evaluation below) followed by a ]. To assign values to an array, use set -A name value .... The value of all subscripts must be in the range of 0 through 4095. Arrays need not be declared. Any reference to a variable with a valid subscript is legal and an array will be created if necessary. Referencing an array without a subscript is equivalent to referencing the element 0. If an array identifier with subscript * or @ is used, then the value for each of the elements is substituted (separated by a field separator character). The value of a variable may be assigned by writing: name=value [ name=value ] ... If the integer attribute, -i, is set for name, the value is subject to arithmetic evaluation as described below. Positional parameters, parameters denoted by a number, may be assigned values with the set special command. Parameter $0 is set from argument zero when the shell is invoked. If parameter is one or more digits then it is a positional parameter. A positional parameter of more than one digit must be enclosed in braces. Parameter Expansion The format for parameter expansion is as follows: ${expression} where expression consists of all characters until the match- ing }. Any } escaped by a backslash or within a quoted SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 12 User Commands ksh(1) string, and characters in embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions and variable expansions, are not exam- ined in determining the matching }. The simplest form for parameter expansion is: ${parameter} The value, if any, of parameter will be substituted. The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or when parameter is followed by a char- acter that could be interpreted as part of the name. The matching closing brace will be determined by counting brace levels, skipping over enclosed quoted strings and command substitutions. If the parameter name or symbol is not enclosed in braces, the expansion will use the longest valid name whether or not the symbol represented by that name exists. When the shell is scanning its input to determine the boundaries of a name, it is not bound by its knowledge of what names are already defined. For example, if F is a defined shell variable, the command: echo $Fred does not echo the value of $F followed by red; it selects the longest possible valid name, Fred, which in this case might be unset. If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes: + Pathname expansion will not be performed on the results of the expansion. + Field splitting will not be performed on the results of the expansion, with the exception of @. In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the following formats. In each case that a value of word is needed (based on the state of parameter, as described below), word will be subjected to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion. If word is not needed, it will not be expanded. The } character that delimits the following parameter expan- sion modifications is determined as described previously in this section and in dquote. (For example, ${foo-bar}xyz} SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 13 User Commands ksh(1) would result in the expansion of foo followed by the string xyz} if foo is set, else the string barxyz}). ${parameter:-word} Use Default Values. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word will be substituted; otherwise, the value of parameter will be substituted. ${parameter:=word} Assign Default Values. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word will be assigned to parameter. In all cases, the final value of parameter will be substituted. Only variables, not positional parame- ters or special parameters, can be assigned in this way. ${parameter:?[word]} Indicate Error if Null or Unset. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word (or a message indicat- ing it is unset if word is omitted) will be written to standard error and the shell will exit with a non-zero exit status. Otherwise, the value of parameter will be substituted. An interactive shell need not exit. ${parameter:+[word]} Use Alternative Value. If parameter is unset or null, null will be substituted; otherwise, the expansion of word will be substituted. In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset. The following table sum- marizes the effect of the colon: parameter set and not null parameter set but null parameter unset ${parameter:-word} substitute parameter substitute word substitute word ${parameter-word} substitute parameter substitute null substitute word ${parameter:=word} substitute parameter assign word assign word ${parameter=word} substitute parameter substitute parameter assign null ${parameter:?word} substitute parameter error, exit error, exit ${parameter?word} substitute parameter substitute null error, exit ${parameter:+word} substitute word substitute null substitute null ${parameter+word} substitute word substitute word substitute null In all cases shown with "substitute", the expression is replaced with the value shown. In all cases shown with "assign" parameter is assigned that value, which also replaces the expression. ${#parameter} SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 14 User Commands ksh(1) String Length. The length in characters of the value of parameter. If parameter is * or @, then all the positional parameters, starting with $1, are substi- tuted (separated by a field separator character). The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring processing. In each case, pattern matching notation (see patmat), rather than regular expression nota- tion, will be used to evaluate the patterns. If parameter is * or @, then all the positional parameters, starting with $1, are substituted (separated by a field separator charac- ter). Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes will not cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted, whereas quoting characters within the braces will have this effect. ${parameter%word} Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. The word will be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then will result in parameter, with the smallest por- tion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted. ${parameter%%word} Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. The word will be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then will result in parameter, with the largest por- tion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted. ${parameter#word} Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. The word will be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then will result in parameter, with the smallest por- tion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted. ${parameter##word} Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. The word will be expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then will result in parameter, with the largest por- tion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted. Examples: ${parameter:-word} In this example, ls is executed only if x is null or unset. (The $(ls) command substitution notation is explained in Command Substitution above.) ${x:-$(ls)} ${parameter:=word} SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 15 User Commands ksh(1) unset X echo ${X:=abc} abc ${parameter:?word} unset posix echo ${posix:?} sh: posix: parameter null or not set ${parameter:+word} set a b c echo ${3:+posix} posix ${#parameter} HOME=/usr/posix echo ${#HOME} 10 ${parameter%word} x=file.c echo ${x%.c}.o file.o ${parameter%%word} x=posix/src/std echo ${x%%/*} posix ${parameter#word} x=$HOME/src/cmd echo ${x#$HOME} /src/cmd ${parameter##word} x=/one/two/three echo ${x##*/} three SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 16 User Commands ksh(1) Parameters Set by Shell The following parameters are automatically set by the shell: # The number of positional parameters in decimal. - Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set command. ? The decimal value returned by the last executed com- mand. $ The process number of this shell. _ Initially, the value of _ is an absolute pathname of the shell or script being executed as passed in the environment. Subsequently it is assigned the last argument of the previous command. This parameter is not set for commands which are asynchronous. This parameter is also used to hold the name of the match- ing MAIL file when checking for mail. ! The process number of the last background command invoked. ERRNO The value of errno as set by the most recently failed system call. This value is system dependent and is intended for debugging purposes. LINENO The line number of the current line within the script or function being executed. OLDPWD The previous working directory set by the cd command. OPTARG The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts special command. OPTIND The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts special command. PPID The process number of the parent of the shell. PWD The present working directory set by the cd command. RANDOM Each time this variable is referenced, a random integer, uniformly distributed between 0 and 32767, is generated. The sequence of random numbers can be ini- tialized by assigning a numeric value to RANDOM. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 17 User Commands ksh(1) REPLY This variable is set by the select statement and by the read special command when no arguments are sup- plied. SECONDS Each time this variable is referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If this variable is assigned a value, then the value returned upon reference will be the value that was assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment. Variables Used by Shell The following variables are used by the shell: CDPATH The search path for the cd command. COLUMNS If this variable is set, the value is used to define the width of the edit window for the shell edit modes and for printing select lists. EDITOR If the value of this variable ends in emacs, gmacs, or vi and the VISUAL variable is not set, then the corresponding option (see the set special command below) will be turned on. ENV This variable, when the shell is invoked, is subjected to parameter expansion by the shell and the resulting value is used as a pathname of a file containing shell commands to execute in the current environment. The file need not be executable. If the expanded value of ENV is not an absolute pathname, the results are unspecified. ENV will be ignored if the user's real and effective user IDs or real and effective group IDs are different. This variable can be used to set aliases and other items local to the invocation of a shell. The file referred to by ENV differs from $HOME/.profile in that .profile is typically executed at session startup, whereas the ENV file is executed at the beginning of each shell invocation. The ENV value is interpreted in a manner similar to a dot script, in that the commands are executed in the current environ- ment and the file needs to be readable, but not exe- cutable. However, unlike dot scripts, no PATH search- ing is performed. This is used as a guard against Tro- jan Horse security breaches. FCEDIT SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 18 User Commands ksh(1) The default editor name for the fc command. FPATH The search path for function definitions. By default the FPATH directories are searched after the PATH variable. If an executable file is found, then it is read and executed in the current environment. FPATH is searched before PATH when a function with the -u attribute is referenced. The preset alias autoload causes a function with the -u attribute to be created. IFS Internal field separators, normally space, tab, and new-line that are used to separate command words which result from command or parameter substitution and for separating words with the special command read. The first character of the IFS variable is used to separate arguments for the $* substitution (See Quot- ing below). HISTFILE If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the value is the pathname of the file that will be used to store the command history. (See Command re-entry below.) HISTSIZE If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the number of previously entered commands that are accessible by this shell will be greater than or equal to this number. The default is 128. HOME The default argument (home directory) for the cd com- mand. LC_ALL This variable provides a default value for the LC_* variables. LC_COLLATE This variable determines the behavior of range expres- sions, equivalence classes and multi-byte character collating elements within pattern matching. LC_CTYPE Determines how the shell handles characters. When LC_CTYPE is set to a valid value, the shell can display and handle text and filenames containing valid characters for that locale. If LC_CTYPE (see environ(5)) is not set in the environment, the opera- tional behavior of the shell is determined by the value of the LANG environment variable. If LC_ALL is set, its contents are used to override both the LANG and the other LC_* variables. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 19 User Commands ksh(1) LC_MESSAGES This variable determines the language in which mes- sages should be written. LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. If any of the inter- nationalization variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined. LINENO This variable is set by the shell to a decimal number representing the current sequential line number (num- bered starting with 1) within a script or function before it executes each command. If the user unsets or resets LINENO, the variable may lose its special mean- ing for the life of the shell. If the shell is not currently executing a script or function, the value of LINENO is unspecified. LINES If this variable is set, the value is used to deter- mine the column length for printing select lists. Select lists will print vertically until about two- thirds of LINES lines are filled. MAIL If this variable is set to the name of a mail file and the MAILPATH variable is not set, then the shell informs the user of arrival of mail in the specified file. MAILCHECK This variable specifies how often (in seconds) the shell will check for changes in the modification time of any of the files specified by the MAILPATH or MAIL variables. The default value is 600 seconds. When the time has elapsed the shell will check before issuing the next prompt. MAILPATH A colon (:) separated list of file names. If this variable is set, then the shell informs the user of any modifications to the specified files that have occurred within the last MAILCHECK seconds. Each file name can be followed by a ? and a message that will be printed. The message will undergo parameter substitu- tion with the variable $_ defined as the name of the file that has changed. The default message is you have mail in $_. NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 20 User Commands ksh(1) PATH The search path for commands (see Execution below). The user may not change PATH if executing under rksh (except in .profile). PPID This variable is set by the shell to the decimal pro- cess ID of the process that invoked the shell. In a subshell, PPID will be set to the same value as that of the parent of the current shell. For example, echo $PPID and (echo $PPID) would produce the same value. PS1 The value of this variable is expanded for parameter substitution to define the primary prompt string which by default is ``$ ''. The character ! in the primary prompt string is replaced by the command number (see Command Re-entry below). Two successive occurrences of ! will produce a single ! when the prompt string is printed. PS2 Secondary prompt string, by default ``> ''. PS3 Selection prompt string used within a select loop, by default ``#? ''. PS4 The value of this variable is expanded for parameter substitution and precedes each line of an execution trace. If omitted, the execution trace prompt is ``+ ''. SHELL The pathname of the shell is kept in the environment. At invocation, if the basename of this variable is rsh, rksh, or krsh, then the shell becomes restricted. TMOUT If set to a value greater than zero, the shell will terminate if a command is not entered within the prescribed number of seconds after issuing the PS1 prompt. (Note that the shell can be compiled with a maximum bound for this value which cannot be exceeded.) VISUAL If the value of this variable ends in emacs, gmacs, or vi, then the corresponding option (see Special Command set below) will be turned on. The shell gives default values to PATH, PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, MAILCHECK, FCEDIT, TMOUT, and IFS, while HOME, SHELL, ENV, and MAIL are not set at all by the shell (although HOME is set by login(1)). On some systems MAIL and SHELL are also set by login. Blank Interpretation SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 21 User Commands ksh(1) After parameter and command substitution, the results of substitutions are scanned for the field separator characters (those found in IFS) and split into distinct arguments where such characters are found. Explicit null arguments ( "" ) or ('') are retained. Implicit null arguments (those resulting from parameters that have no values) are removed. File Name Generation Following substitution, each command word is scanned for the characters *, ?, and [ unless the -f option has been set. If one of these characters appears, the word is regarded as a pattern. The word is replaced with lexicographically sorted file names that match the pattern. If no file name is found that matches the pattern, the word is left unchanged. When a pattern is used for file name generation, the character period (.) at the start of a file name or immediately fol- lowing a /, as well as the character / itself, must be matched explicitly. A file name beginning with a period will not be matched with a pattern with the period inside parentheses; that is, ls .@(r*) would locate a file named .restore, but ls @(.r*) would not. In other instances of pattern matching the / and . are not treated specially. * Matches any string, including the null string. ? Matches any single character. [...] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by - matches any character lexi- cally between the pair, inclusive. If the first char- acter following the opening "[ " is a "! ", then any character not enclosed is matched. A - can be included in the character set by putting it as the first or last character. A pattern-list is a list of one or more patterns separated from each other with a |. Composite patterns can be formed with one or more of the following: ?(pattern-list) Optionally matches any one of the given patterns. *(pattern-list) Matches zero or more occurrences of the given SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 22 User Commands ksh(1) patterns. +(pattern-list) Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. @(pattern-list) Matches exactly one of the given patterns. !(pattern-list) Matches anything, except one of the given patterns. Quoting Each of the metacharacters listed above (See Definitions) has a special meaning to the shell and causes termination of a word unless quoted. A character may be quoted (that is, made to stand for itself) by preceding it with a \. The pair \NEWLINE is removed. All characters enclosed between a pair of single quote marks ( ' ') are quoted. A single quote cannot appear within single quotes. Inside double quote marks (""), parameter and command substitution occur and \ quotes the characters \, `, ", and $. The meaning of $* and $@ is identical when not quoted or when used as a parameter assignment value or as a file name. However, when used as a command argument, $* is equivalent to ``$1d$2d...'', where d is the first character of the IFS variable, whereas $@ is equivalent to $1 $2 .... Inside grave quote marks (``), \ quotes the characters \, ', and $. If the grave quotes occur within double quotes, then \ also quotes the character ". The special meaning of reserved words or aliases can be removed by quoting any character of the reserved word. The recognition of function names or special command names listed below cannot be altered by quoting them. Arithmetic Evaluation An ability to perform integer arithmetic is provided with the special command let. Evaluations are performed using long arithmetic. Constants are of the form [ base# ] n where base is a decimal number between two and thirty-six representing the arithmetic base and n is a number in that base. If base is omitted then base 10 is used. An arithmetic expression uses the same syntax, precedence, and associativity of expression as the C language. All the integral operators, other than ++, -;, ?:, and , are sup- ported. Variables can be referenced by name within an arithmetic expression without using the parameter substitu- tion syntax. When a variable is referenced, its value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 23 User Commands ksh(1) An internal integer representation of a variable can be specified with the -i option of the typeset special command. Arithmetic evaluation is performed on the value of each assignment to a variable with the -i attribute. If you do not specify an arithmetic base, the first assignment to the variable determines the arithmetic base. This base is used when parameter substitution occurs. Since many of the arithmetic operators require quoting, an alternative form of the let command is provided. For any command which begins with a ((, all the characters until a matching )) are treated as a quoted expression. More pre- cisely, ((...)) is equivalent to let "...". Prompting When used interactively, the shell prompts with the parame- ter expanded value of PS1 before reading a command. If at any time a new-line is typed and further input is needed to complete a command, then the secondary prompt (that is, the value of PS2) is issued. Conditional Expressions A conditional expression is used with the [[ compound com- mand to test attributes of files and to compare strings. Word splitting and file name generation are not performed on the words between [[ and ]]. Each expression can be con- structed from one or more of the following unary or binary expressions: -a file True, if file exists. -b file True, if file exists and is a block special file. -c file True, if file exists and is a character special file. -d file True, if file exists and is a directory. -e file True, if file exists. -f file True, if file exists and is an ordinary file. -g file True, if file exists and is has its setgid bit set. -k file True, if file exists and is has its sticky bit set. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 24 User Commands ksh(1) -n string True, if length of string is non-zero. -o option True, if option named option is on. -p file True, if file exists and is a fifo special file or a pipe. -r file True, if file exists and is readable by current pro- cess. -s file True, if file exists and has size greater than zero. -t fildes True, if file descriptor number fildes is open and associated with a terminal device. -u file True, if file exists and has its setuid bit set. -w file True, if file exists and is writable by current pro- cess. -x file True, if file exists and is executable by current pro- cess. If file exists and is a directory, then the current process has permission to search in the direc- tory. -z string True, if length of string is zero. -L file True, if file exists and is a symbolic link. -O file True, if file exists and is owned by the effective user id of this process. -G file True, if file exists and its group matches the effec- tive group id of this process. -S file True, if file exists and is a socket. file1 -nt file2 SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 25 User Commands ksh(1) True, if file1 exists and is newer than file2. file1 -ot file2 True, if file1 exists and is older than file2. file1 -ef file2 True, if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file. string True if the string string is not the null string. string = pattern True, if string matches pattern. string != pattern True, if string does not match pattern. string1=string2 True if the strings string1 and string2 are identical. string1! =string2 True if the strings string1 and string2 are not ident- ical. string1 < string2 True, if string1 comes before string2 based on strings interpreted as appropriate to the locale setting for category LC_COLLATE. string1 > string2 True, if string1 comes after string2 based on strings interpreted as appropriate to the locale setting for category LC_COLLATE. exp1 -eq exp2 True, if exp1 is equal to exp2. exp1 -ne exp2 True, if exp1 is not equal to exp2. exp1 -lt exp2 True, if exp1 is less than exp2. exp1 -gt exp2 True, if exp1 is greater than exp2. exp1 -le exp2 True, if exp1 is less than or equal to exp2. exp1 -ge exp2 True, if exp1 is greater than or equal to exp2. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 26 User Commands ksh(1) In each of the above expressions, if file is of the form /dev/fd/n, where n is an integer, then the test is applied to the open file whose descriptor number is n. A compound expression can be constructed from these primi- tives by using any of the following, listed in decreasing order of precedence. (expression) True, if expression is true. Used to group expres- sions. ! expression True if expression is false. expression1 && expression2 True, if expression1 and expression2 are both true. expression1 || expression2 True, if either expression1 or expression2 is true. Input/Output Before a command is executed, its input and output may be redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell. The following may appear anywhere in a simple-command or may precede or follow a command and are not passed on to the invoked command. Command and parameter substitution occur before word or digit is used except as noted below. File name generation occurs only if the pattern matches a single file, and blank interpretation is not performed. <word Use file word as standard input file(descriptor 0). >word Use file word as standard output file(descriptor 1). If the file does not exist then it is created. If the file exists, and the noclobber option is on, this causes an error; otherwise, it is truncated to zero length. >|word Sames as >, except that it overrides the noclobber option. >>word Use file word as standard output. If the file exists then output is appended to it (by first seeking to the EOF); otherwise, the file is created. <>word Open file word for reading and writing as standard input. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 27 User Commands ksh(1) << [-]word The shell input is read up to a line that is the same as word, or to an EOF. No parameter substitution, command substitution or file name generation is per- formed on word. The resulting document, called a here-document, becomes the standard input. If any character of word is quoted, then no interpretation is placed upon the characters of the document; otherwise, parameter and command substitution occur, \NEWLINE is ignored, and \ must be used to quote the characters \, $, `, and the first character of word. If - is appended to <<, then all leading tabs are stripped from word and from the document. <&digit The standard input is duplicated from file descriptor digit (see dup(2)). Similarly for the standard output using >&digit. <&- The standard input is closed. Similarly for the stan- dard output using >&-. <&p The input from the co-process is moved to standard input. >&p The output to the co-process is moved to standard out- put. If one of the above is preceded by a digit, then the file descriptor number referred to is that specified by the digit (instead of the default 0 or 1). For example: ... 2>&1 means file descriptor 2 is to be opened for writing as a duplicate of file descriptor 1. The order in which redirections are specified is signifi- cant. The shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the file(descriptor, file) association at the time of evalua- tion. For example: ... 1>fname 2>&1 first associates file descriptor 1 with file fname. It then associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file descriptor 1 (that is fname). If the order of redirec- tions were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and then file descriptor 1 would be associated with file fname. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 28 User Commands ksh(1) If a command is followed by & and job control is not active, then the default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by input/output specifications. Environment The environment (see environ(5)) is a list of name-value pairs that is passed to an executed program in the same way as a normal argument list. The names must be identifiers and the values are character strings. The shell interacts with the environment in several ways. On invocation, the shell scans the environment and creates a variable for each name found, giving it the corresponding value and marking it export. Executed commands inherit the environment. If the user modifies the values of these vari- ables or creates new ones, using the export or typeset -x commands, they become part of the environment. The environ- ment seen by any executed command is thus composed of any name-value pairs originally inherited by the shell, whose values may be modified by the current shell, plus any addi- tions which must be noted in export or typeset -x commands. The environment for any simple-command or function may be augmented by prefixing it with one or more variable assign- ments. A variable assignment argument is a word of the form identifier=value. Thus: TERM=450 cmd args and export(TERM; TERM=450; cmd args) are equivalent (as far as the above execution of cmd is con- cerned, except for special commands listed below that are preceded with an asterisk). If the -k flag is set, all variable assignment arguments are placed in the environment, even if they occur after the com- mand name. The following first prints a=b c and then c: echo a=b c set -k echo a=b c SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 29 User Commands ksh(1) This feature is intended for use with scripts written for early versions of the shell and its use in new scripts is strongly discouraged. It is likely to disappear someday. Functions The function reserved word, described in the Commands sec- tion above, is used to define shell functions. Shell func- tions are read in and stored internally. Alias names are resolved when the function is read. Functions are executed like commands with the arguments passed as positional param- eters. (See Execution below.) Functions execute in the same process as the caller and share all files and present working directory with the caller. Traps caught by the caller are reset to their default action inside the function. A trap condition that is not caught or ignored by the func- tion causes the function to terminate and the condition to be passed on to the caller. A trap on EXIT set inside a function is executed after the function completes in the environment of the caller. Ordinarily, variables are shared between the calling program and the function. However, the typeset special command used within a function defines local variables whose scope includes the current function and all functions it calls. The special command return is used to return from function calls. Errors within functions return control to the caller. The names of all functions can be listed with typeset+f. typeset -f lists all function names as well as the text of all functions. typeset -f function-names lists the text of the named functions only. Functions can be undefined with the -f option of the unset special command. Ordinarily, functions are unset when the shell executes a shell script. The -xf option of the typeset command allows a function to be exported to scripts that are executed without a separate invocation of the shell. Functions that need to be defined across separate invocations of the shell should be specified in the ENV file with the -xf option of typeset. Function Definition Command A function is a user-defined name that is used as a simple command to call a compound command with new positional parameters. A function is defined with a function definition command. The format of a function definition command is as follows: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 30 User Commands ksh(1) fname() compound-command[io-redirect ...] The function is named fname; it must be a name. An implemen- tation may allow other characters in a function name as an extension. The implementation will maintain separate name spaces for functions and variables. The () in the function definition command consists of two operators. Therefore, intermixing blank characters with the fname, (, and ) is allowed, but unnecessary. The argument compound-command represents a compound command. When the function is declared, none of the expansions in wordexp will be performed on the text in compound-command or io-redirect; all expansions will be performed as normal each time the function is called. Similarly, the optional io- redirect redirections and any variable assignments within compound-command will be performed during the execution of the function itself, not the function definition. When a function is executed, it will have the syntax-error and variable-assignment properties described for the special built-in utilities. The compound-command will be executed whenever the function name is specified as the name of a simple command The operands to the command temporarily will become the posi- tional parameters during the execution of the compound- command; the special parameter # will also be changed to reflect the number of operands. The special parameter 0 will be unchanged. When the function completes, the values of the positional parameters and the special parameter # will be restored to the values they had before the function was exe- cuted. If the special built-in return is executed in the compound-command, the function will complete and execution will resume with the next command after the function call. An example of how a function definition can be used wherever a simple command is allowed: # If variable i is equal to "yes", # define function foo to be ls -l # [ "$i" = yes ] && foo() { ls -l } SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 31 User Commands ksh(1) The exit status of a function definition will be 0 if the function was declared successfully; otherwise, it will be greater than zero. The exit status of a function invocation will be the exit status of the last command executed by the function. Jobs If the monitor option of the set command is turned on, an interactive shell associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a table of current jobs, printed by the jobs command, and assigns them small integer numbers. When a job is started asynchronously with &, the shell prints a line which looks like: [1] 1234 indicating that the job, which was started asynchronously, was job number 1 and had one (top-level) process, whose pro- cess id was 1234. If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may press the key ^Z (CTRL-Z) which sends a STOP signal to the current job. The shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `Stopped', and print another prompt. You can then manipulate the state of this job, putting it in the background with the bg command, or run some other commands and then eventually bring the job back into the foreground with the foreground command fg. A ^Z takes effect immedi- ately and is like an interrupt in that pending output and unread input are discarded when it is typed. A job being run in the background will stop if it tries to read from the terminal. Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output, but this can be disabled by giving the command "stty tostop". If you set this tty option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce output as they do when they try to read input. There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell. A job can be referred to by the process id of any process of the job or by one of the following: %number The job with the given number. %string Any job whose command line begins with string. %?string Any job whose command line contains string. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 32 User Commands ksh(1) %% Current job. %+ Equivalent to %%. %- Previous job. The shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state. It normally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further progress is possible, but only just before it prints a prompt. This is done so that it does not otherwise disturb your work. When the monitor mode is on, each background job that com- pletes triggers any trap set for CHLD. When you try to leave the shell while jobs are running or stopped, you will be warned with the message `You have stopped(running) jobs.' You may use the jobs command to see what they are. If you do this or immediately try to exit again, the shell will not warn you a second time, and the stopped jobs will be terminated. If you have nohup'ed jobs running when you attempt to logout, you will be warned with the message: You have jobs running. You will then need to logout a second time to actually logout; however, your background jobs will continue to run. Signals The INT and QUIT signals for an invoked command are ignored if the command is followed by & and the monitor option is not active. Otherwise, signals have the values inherited by the shell from its parent (but see also the trap special command below). Execution Each time a command is executed, the above substitutions are carried out. If the command name matches one of the Special Commands listed below, it is executed within the current shell process. Next, the command name is checked to see if it matches one of the user defined functions. If it does, the positional parameters are saved and then reset to the arguments of the function call. When the function completes or issues a return, the positional parameter list is restored and any trap set on EXIT within the function is executed. The value of a function is the value of the last command executed. A function is also executed in the current shell process. If a command name is not a special command or a user defined function, a process is created and an attempt is made to execute the command via exec(2). SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 33 User Commands ksh(1) The shell variable PATH defines the search path for the directory containing the command. Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:). The default path is /bin:/usr/bin: (specifying /bin, /usr/bin, and the current directory in that order). The current directory can be specified by two or more adjacent colons, or by a colon at the beginning or end of the path list. If the command name contains a / then the search path is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for an executable file. If the file has execute permission but is not a direc- tory or an a.out file, it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands. A sub-shell is spawned to read it. All non-exported aliases, functions, and variables are removed in this case. A parenthesized command is executed in a sub-shell without removing non-exported quantities. Command Re-entry The text of the last HISTSIZE (default 128) commands entered from a terminal device is saved in a history file. The file $HOME/.sh_history is used if the HISTFILE variable is not set or if the file it names is not writable. A shell can access the com- mands of all interactive shells which use the same named HISTFILE. The special command fc is used to list or edit a portion of this file. The portion of the file to be edited or listed can be selected by number or by giving the first character or characters of the command. A single command or range of commands can be specified. If you do not specify an editor program as an argument to fc then the value of the variable FCEDIT is used. If FCEDIT is not defined, then /bin/ed is used. The edited command(s) is printed and re- executed upon leaving the editor. The editor name - is used to skip the editing phase and to re-execute the command. In this case a substitution parameter of the form old=new can be used to modify the command before execution. For exam- ple, if r is aliased to 'fc -e -' then typing 'r bad=good c' will re-execute the most recent command which starts with the letter c, replacing the first occurrence of the string bad with the string good. In-line Editing Option Normally, each command line entered from a terminal device is simply typed followed by a new-line (RETURN or LINEFEED). If either the emacs, gmacs, or vi option is active, the user can edit the command line. To be in either of these edit modes set the corresponding option. An editing option is automatically selected each time the VISUAL or EDITOR vari- able is assigned a value ending in either of these option names. The editing features require that the user's terminal accept RETURN as carriage return without line feed and that a space SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 34 User Commands ksh(1) must overwrite the current character on the screen. The editing modes implement a concept where the user is looking through a window at the current line. The window width is the value of COLUMNS if it is defined, otherwise 80. If the window width is too small to display the prompt and leave at least 8 columns to enter input, the prompt is truncated from the left. If the line is longer than the win- dow width minus two, a mark is displayed at the end of the window to notify the user. As the cursor moves and reaches the window boundaries the window will be centered about the cursor. The mark is a > if the line extends on the right side of the window, < if the line extends on the left, and * if the line extends on both sides of the window. The search commands in each edit mode provide access to the history file. Only strings are matched, not patterns, although a leading caret (^) in the string restricts the match to begin at the first character in the line. emacs Editing Mode This mode is entered by enabling either the emacs or gmacs option. The only difference between these two modes is the way they handle ^T. To edit, move the cursor to the point needing correction and then insert or delete characters or words as needed. All the editing commands are control char- acters or escape sequences. The notation for control charac- ters is caret ( ^ ) followed by the character. For example, ^F is the notation for control F. This is entered by depressing `f' while holding down the CTRL (control) key. The SHIFT key is not depressed. (The notation ^? indicates the DEL (delete) key.) The notation for escape sequences is M- followed by a char- acter. For example, M-f (pronounced Meta f) is entered by depressing ESC (ascii 033) followed by `f'. (M-F would be the notation for ESC followed by SHIFT (capital) `F'.) All edit commands operate from any place on the line (not just at the beginning). Neither the RETURN nor the LINEFEED key is entered after edit commands except when noted. ^F Move cursor forward (right) one character. M-f Move cursor forward one word. (The emacs editor's idea of a word is a string of characters consisting of only letters, digits and underscores.) ^B Move cursor backward (left) one character. M-b Move cursor backward one word. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 35 User Commands ksh(1) ^A Move cursor to start of line. ^E Move cursor to end of line. ^]char Move cursor forward to character char on current line. M-^]char Move cursor backward to character char on current line. ^X^X Interchange the cursor and mark. erase (User defined erase character as defined by the stty(1) command, usually ^H or #.) Delete previous character. ^D Delete current character. M-d Delete current word. M-^H (Meta-backspace) Delete previous word. M-h Delete previous word. M-^? (Meta-DEL) Delete previous word (if your interrupt character is ^? (DEL, the default) then this command will not work). ^T Transpose current character with next character in emacs mode. Transpose two previous characters in gmacs mode. ^C Capitalize current character. M-c Capitalize current word. M-l Change the current word to lower case. ^K Delete from the cursor to the end of the line. If preceded by a numerical parameter whose value is less than the current cursor position, then delete from given position up to the cursor. If preceded by a numerical parameter whose value is greater than the current cursor position, then delete from cursor up to given cursor position. ^W Kill from the cursor to the mark. M-p Push the region from the cursor to the mark on the stack. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 36 User Commands ksh(1) kill (User defined kill character as defined by the stty(1) command, usually ^G or @.) Kill the entire current line. If two kill characters are entered in succes- sion, all kill characters from then on cause a line feed (useful when using paper terminals). ^Y Restore last item removed from line. (Yank item back to the line.) ^L Line feed and print current line. ^@ (null character) Set mark. M-space (Meta space) Set mark. J (New line) Execute the current line. M (Return) Execute the current line. eof End-of-file character, normally ^D, is processed as an End-of-file only if the current line is null. ^P Fetch previous command. Each time ^P is entered the previous command back in time is accessed. Moves back one line when not on the first line of a multi-line command. M-< Fetch the least recent (oldest) history line. M-> Fetch the most recent (youngest) history line. ^N Fetch next command line. Each time ^N is entered the next command line forward in time is accessed. ^Rstring Reverse search history for a previous command line containing string. If a parameter of zero is given, the search is forward. string is terminated by a RETURN or NEW LINE. If string is preceded by a ^, the matched line must begin with string. If string is omitted, then the next command line containing the most recent string is accessed. In this case a param- eter of zero reverses the direction of the search. ^O Operate. Execute the current line and fetch the next line relative to current line from the history file. M-digits (Escape) Define numeric parameter, the digits are taken as a parameter to the next command. The com- mands that accept a parameter are ^F, ^B, erase, ^C, SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 37 User Commands ksh(1) ^D, ^K, ^R, ^P, ^N, ^], M-., M-^], M-_, M-b, M-c, M-d, M-f, M-h, M-l and M-^H. M-letter Soft-key. Your alias list is searched for an alias by the name _letter and if an alias of this name is defined, its value will be inserted on the input queue. The letter must not be one of the above meta- functions. M-[letter Soft-key. Your alias list is searched for an alias by the name __letter and if an alias of this name is defined, its value will be inserted on the input queue. The can be used to program functions keys on many terminals. M-. The last word of the previous command is inserted on the line. If preceded by a numeric parameter, the value of this parameter determines which word to insert rather than the last word. M-_ Same as M-.. M-* An asterisk is appended to the end of the word and a file name expansion is attempted. M-ESC File name completion. Replaces the current word with the longest common prefix of all filenames matching the current word with an asterisk appended. If the match is unique, a / is appended if the file is a directory and a space is appended if the file is not a directory. M-= List files matching current word pattern if an aster- isk were appended. ^U Multiply parameter of next command by 4. \ Escape next character. Editing characters, the user's erase, kill and interrupt (normally ^?) characters may be entered in a command line or in a search string if preceded by a \. The \ removes the next character's editing features (if any). ^V Display version of the shell. M-# Insert a # at the beginning of the line and execute it. This causes a comment to be inserted in the his- tory file. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 38 User Commands ksh(1) vi Editing Mode There are two typing modes. Initially, when you enter a command you are in the input mode. To edit, enter control mode by typing ESC (033) and move the cursor to the point needing correction and then insert or delete characters or words as needed. Most control commands accept an optional repeat count prior to the command. When in vi mode on most systems, canonical processing is initially enabled and the command will be echoed again if the speed is 1200 baud or greater and it contains any con- trol characters or less than one second has elapsed since the prompt was printed. The ESC character terminates canoni- cal processing for the remainder of the command and the user can then modify the command line. This scheme has the advantages of canonical processing with the type-ahead echo- ing of raw mode. If the option viraw is also set, the terminal will always have canonical processing disabled. This mode is implicit for systems that do not support two alternate end of line delimiters, and may be helpful for certain terminals. Input Edit Commands By default the editor is in input mode. erase (User defined erase character as defined by the stty(1) command, usually ^H or #.) Delete previous character. ^W Delete the previous blank separated word. ^D Terminate the shell. ^V Escape next character. Editing characters and the user's erase or kill characters may be entered in a command line or in a search string if preceded by a ^V. The ^V removes the next character's editing features (if any). \ Escape the next erase or kill character. Motion Edit Commands These commands will move the cursor. [count]l Cursor forward (right) one character. [count]w Cursor forward one alpha-numeric word. [count]W SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 39 User Commands ksh(1) Cursor to the beginning of the next word that follows a blank. [count]e Cursor to end of word. [count]E Cursor to end of the current blank delimited word. [count]h Cursor backward (left) one character. [count]b Cursor backward one word. [count]B Cursor to preceding blank separated word. [count]| Cursor to column count. [count]fc Find the next character c in the current line. [count]Fc Find the previous character c in the current line. [count]tc Equivalent to f followed by h. [count]Tc Equivalent to F followed by l. [count]; Repeats count times, the last single character find command, f, F, t, or T. [count], Reverses the last single character find command count times. 0 Cursor to start of line. ^ Cursor to first non-blank character in line. $ Cursor to end of line. % Moves to balancing (, ), {, }, [, or ]. If cursor is not on one of the above characters, the remainder of the line is searched for the first occurrence of one of the above characters first. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 40 User Commands ksh(1) Search Edit Commands These commands access your command history. [count]k Fetch previous command. Each time k is entered the previous command back in time is accessed. [count]- Equivalent to k. [count]j Fetch next command. Each time j is entered, the next command forward in time is accessed. [count]+ Equivalent to j. [count]G The command number count is fetched. The default is the least recent history command. /string Search backward through history for a previous command containing string. string is terminated by a RETURN or NEWLINE. If string is preceded by a ^, the matched line must begin with string. If string is NULL, the previous string will be used. ?string Same as / except that search will be in the forward direction. n Search for next match of the last pattern to / or ? commands. N Search for next match of the last pattern to / or ?, but in reverse direction. Search history for the string entered by the previous / command. Text Modification Edit Commands These commands will modify the line. a Enter input mode and enter text after the current character. A Append text to the end of the line. Equivalent to $a. [count]cmotion c[count]motion Delete current character through the character that motion would move the cursor to and enter input mode. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 41 User Commands ksh(1) If motion is c, the entire line will be deleted and input mode entered. C Delete the current character through the end of line and enter input mode. Equivalent to c$. [count]s Delete count characters and enter input mode. S Equivalent to cc. D Delete the current character through the end of line. Equivalent to d$. [count]dmotion d[count]motion Delete current character through the character that motion would move to. If motion is d, the entire line will be deleted. i Enter input mode and insert text before the current character. I Insert text before the beginning of the line. Equivalent to 0i. [count]P Place the previous text modification before the cur- sor. [count]p Place the previous text modification after the cursor. R Enter input mode and replace characters on the screen with characters you type overlay fashion. [count]rc Replace the count character(s) starting at the current cursor position with c, and advance the cursor. [count]x Delete current character. [count]X Delete preceding character. [count]. Repeat the previous text modification command. [count]~ Invert the case of the count character(s) starting at SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 42 User Commands ksh(1) the current cursor position and advance the cursor. [count]_ Causes the count word of the previous command to be appended and input mode entered. The last word is used if count is omitted. * Causes an * to be appended to the current word and file name generation attempted. If no match is found, it rings the bell. Otherwise, the word is replaced by the matching pat- tern and input mode is entered. \ Filename completion. Replaces the current word with the longest common prefix of all filenames matching the current word with an asterisk appended. If the match is unique, a / is appended if the file is a directory and a space is appended if the file is not a directory. Other Edit Commands Miscellaneous commands. [count]ymotion y[count]motion Yank current character through character that motion would move the cursor to and puts them into the delete buffer. The text and cursor are unchanged. Y Yanks from current position to end of line. Equivalent to y$. u Undo the last text modifying command. U Undo all the text modifying commands performed on the line. [count]v Returns the command fc -e ${VISUAL:-${EDITOR:-vi}} count in the input buffer. If count is omitted, then the current line is used. ^L Line feed and print current line. Has effect only in control mode. J (New line) Execute the current line, regardless of mode. M (Return) Execute the current line, regardless of mode. # If the first character of the command is a #, then SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 43 User Commands ksh(1) this command deletes this # and each # that follows a newline. Otherwise, sends the line after inserting a # in front of each line in the command. Useful for causing the current line to be inserted in the history as a comment and removing comments from previous com- ment commands in the history file. = List the file names that match the current word if an asterisk were appended it. @letter Your alias list is searched for an alias by the name _letter and if an alias of this name is defined, its value will be inserted on the input queue for process- ing. Special Commands The following simple-commands are executed in the shell pro- cess. Input/Output redirection is permitted. Unless other- wise indicated, the output is written on file descriptor 1 and the exit status, when there is no syntax error, is 0. Commands that are preceded by one or two * (asterisks) are treated specially in the following ways: 1. Variable assignment lists preceding the command remain in effect when the command completes. 2. I/O redirections are processed after variable assign- ments. 3. Errors cause a script that contains them to abort. 4. Words, following a command preceded by ** that are in the format of a variable assignment, are expanded with the same rules as a variable assignment. This means that tilde substitution is performed after the = sign and word splitting and file name generation are not performed. * : [ arg ... ] The command only expands parameters. * . file [ arg ... ] Read the complete file then execute the commands. The commands are executed in the current shell environ- ment. The search path specified by PATH is used to find the directory containing file. If any arguments arg are given, they become the positional parameters. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The exit status is the exit status of the last command executed. ** alias [ -tx ] [ name[ =value ] ] ... SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 44 User Commands ksh(1) alias with no arguments prints the list of aliases in the form name=value on standard output. An alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A trail- ing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution. The -t flag is used to set and list tracked aliases. The value of a tracked alias is the full pathname corresponding to the given name. The value becomes undefined when the value of PATH is reset but the aliases remained tracked. Without the -t flag, for each name in the argument list for which no value is given, the name and value of the alias is printed. The -x flag is used to set or print exported aliases. An exported alias is defined for scripts invoked by name. The exit status is non-zero if a name is given, but no value, and no alias has been defined for the name. bg [ %job... ] This command is only on systems that support job con- trol. Puts each specified job into the background. The current job is put in the background if job is not specified. See "Jobs" section above for a description of the format of job. * break [ n ] Exit from the enclosed for, while, until, or select loop, if any. If n is specified then break n levels. * continue [ n ] Resume the next iteration of the enclosed for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified then resume at the n-th enclosed loop. cd [ arg ] cd old new This command can be in either of two forms. In the first form it changes the current directory to arg. If arg is - the directory is changed to the previous directory. The shell variable HOME is the default arg. The variable PWD is set to the current directory. The shell variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing arg. Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:). The default path is null (specifying the current direc- tory). Note that the current directory is specified by a null path name, which can appear immediately after the equal sign or between the colon delimiters any- where else in the path list. If arg begins with a / then the search path is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for arg. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 45 User Commands ksh(1) The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the string old in the current directory name, PWD and tries to change to this new directory. The cd command may not be executed by rksh. command [-p] [command_name] [argument ...] command [-v -V] command_name The command utility causes the shell to treat the arguments as a simple command, suppressing the shell function lookup. The -p flag performs the command search using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. The -v flag writes a string to standard output that indi- cates the pathname or command that will be used by the shell, in the current shell execution environment, to invoke command_name. The -V flag writes a string to standard output that indicates how the name given in the command_name operand will be interpreted by the shell, in the current shell execution environment. echo [ arg ... ] See echo(1) for usage and description. * eval [ arg ... ] The arguments are read as input to the shell and the resulting command(s) executed. * exec [ arg ... ] If arg is given, the command specified by the argu- ments is executed in place of this shell without creating a new process. Input/output arguments may appear and affect the current process. If no arguments are given the effect of this command is to modify file descriptors as prescribed by the input/output redirec- tion list. In this case, any file descriptor numbers greater than 2 that are opened with this mechanism are closed when invoking another program. * exit [ n ] Causes the calling shell or shell script to exit with the exit status specified by n. The value will be the least significant 8 bits of the specified status. If n is omitted then the exit status is that of the last command executed. When exit occurs when executing a trap, the last command refers to the command that exe- cuted before the trap was invoked. An EOF will also cause the shell to exit except for a shell which has the ignoreeof option (See set below) turned on. ** export [ name[=value] ] ... The given names are marked for automatic export to the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 46 User Commands ksh(1) environment of subsequently-executed commands. fc [ -e ename ] [ -nlr ] [ first [ last ] ] fc -e - [ old=new ] [ command ] In the first form, a range of commands from first to last is selected from the last HISTSIZE commands that were typed at the terminal. The arguments first and last may be specified as a number or as a string. A string is used to locate the most recent command starting with the given string. A negative number is used as an offset to the current command number. If the -l flag is selected, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor program ename is invoked on a file containing these keyboard com- mands. If ename is not supplied, then the value of the variable FCEDIT (default /bin/ed) is used as the editor. When editing is complete, the edited command(s) is executed. If last is not specified then it will be set to first. If first is not specified the default is the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The flag -r reverses the order of the commands and the flag -n suppresses command numbers when listing. In the second form the command is re- executed after the substitution old=new is performed. If there is not a command argument, the most recent command typed at this terminal is executed. fg [ %job... ] This command is only on systems that support job con- trol. Each job specified is brought to the fore- ground. Otherwise, the current job is brought into the foreground. See "Jobs" section above for a description of the format of job. getopts optstring name [ arg ... ] Checks arg for legal options. If arg is omitted, the positional parameters are used. An option argument begins with a + or a -. An option not beginning with + or - or the argument - ends the options. optstring contains the letters that getopts recognizes. If a letter is followed by a :, that option is expected to have an argument. The options can be separated from the argument by blanks. getopts places the next option letter it finds inside variable name each time it is invoked with a + prepended when arg begins with a +. The index of the next arg is stored in OPTIND. The option argument, if any, gets stored in OPTARG. A leading : in optstring causes getopts to store the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 47 User Commands ksh(1) letter of an invalid option in OPTARG, and to set name to ? for an unknown option and to : when a required option is missing. Otherwise, getopts prints an error message. The exit status is non-zero when there are no more options. See getoptcvt(1) for usage and description. hash [ name ... ] For each name, the location in the search path of the command specified by name is determined and remembered by the shell. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is presented. Hits is the number of times a command has been invoked by the shell process. Cost is a measure of the work required to locate a command in the search path. If a command is found in a "relative" directory in the search path, after changing to that directory, the stored location of that command is recalculated. Com- mands for which this will be done are indicated by an asterisk (*) adjacent to the hits information. Cost will be incremented when the recalculation is done. jobs [ -lnp ] [ %job ... ] Lists information about each given job; or all active jobs if job is omitted. The -l flag lists process ids in addition to the normal information. The -n flag displays only jobs that have stopped or exited since last notified. The -p flag causes only the process group to be listed. See "Jobs" section above and jobs(1) for a description of the format of job. kill [ -sig ] %job ... kill [ -sig ] pid ... kill -l Sends either the TERM (terminate) signal or the speci- fied signal to the specified jobs or processes. Sig- nals are either given by number or by names (as given in signal(3HEAD) stripped of the prefix ``SIG'' with the exception that SIGCHD is named CHLD). If the sig- nal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup), then the job or process will be sent a CONT (continue) signal if it is stopped. The argument job can be the process id of a process that is not a member of one of the active jobs. See Jobs for a description of the format of job. In the second form, kill -l, the signal numbers and names are listed. let arg... Each arg is a separate arithmetic expression to be SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 48 User Commands ksh(1) evaluated. See the Arithmetic Evaluation section above, for a description of arithmetic expression evaluation. The exit status is 0 if the value of the last expres- sion is non-zero, and 1 otherwise. login argument ... Equivalent to `exec login argument....' See login(1) for usage and description. * newgrp [ arg ... ] Equivalent to exec /bin/newgrp arg .... print [ -Rnprsu[n ] ] [ arg ... ] The shell output mechanism. With no flags or with flag - or -, the arguments are printed on standard output as described by echo(1). The exit status is 0, unless the output file is not open for writing. -n Suppress NEWLINE from being added to the output. -R | -r Raw mode. Ignore the escape conventions of echo. The -R option will print all subsequent arguments and options other than -n. -p Write the arguments to the pipe of the process spawned with |& instead of standard output. -s Write the arguments to the history file instead of standard output. -u [ n ] Specify a one digit file descriptor unit number n on which the output will be placed. The default is 1. pwd Equivalent to print -r - $PWD. read [ -prsu[ n ] ] [ name?prompt ] [ name ... ] The shell input mechanism. One line is read and is broken up into fields using the characters in IFS as separators. The escape character, (\), is used to remove any special meaning for the next character and for line continuation. In raw mode, -r, the \ charac- ter is not treated specially. The first field is assigned to the first name, the second field to the second name, etc., with leftover fields assigned to the last name. The -p option causes the input line to SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 49 User Commands ksh(1) be taken from the input pipe of a process spawned by the shell using |&. If the -s flag is present, the input will be saved as a command in the history file. The flag -u can be used to specify a one digit file descriptor unit n to read from. The file descriptor can be opened with the exec special command. The default value of n is 0. If name is omitted then REPLY is used as the default name. The exit status is 0 unless the input file is not open for reading or an EOF is encountered. An EOF with the -p option causes cleanup for this process so that another can be spawned. If the first argument contains a ?, the remainder of this word is used as a prompt on standard error when the shell is interactive. The exit status is 0 unless an EOF is encountered. ** readonly [ name[=value] ] ... The given names are marked readonly and these names cannot be changed by subsequent assignment. * return [ n ] Causes a shell function or '.' script to return to the invoking script with the return status specified by n. The value will be the least significant 8 bits of the specified status. If n is omitted then the return status is that of the last command executed. If return is invoked while not in a function or a '.' script, then it is the same as an exit. ] set [ +abCefhkmnopstuvx ] [ +o option ]... [ +A name ] [ arg ... The flags for this command have meaning as follows: -A Array assignment. Unset the variable name and assign values sequentially from the list arg. If +A is used, the variable name is not unset first. -a All subsequent variables that are defined are automatically exported. -b Causes the shell to notify the user asynchro- nously of background job completions. The fol- lowing message will be written to standard error: "[%d]%c %s%s\n", <job-number>, <current>, <status>, <job-name> where the fields are as follows: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 50 User Commands ksh(1) <current> The character + identifies the job that would be used as a default for the fg or bg utilities; this job can also be speci- fied using the job_id %+ or %%. The char- acter - identifies the job that would become the default if the current default job were to exit; this job can also be specified using the job_id %-. For other jobs, this field is a space character. At most one job can be identified with + and at most one job can be identified with -. If there is any suspended job, then the current job will be a suspended job. If there are at least two suspended jobs, then the previous job will also be a suspended job. <job-number> A number that can be used to identify the process group to the wait, fg, bg, and kill utilities. Using these utilities, the job can be identified by prefixing the job number with %. <status> Unspecified. <job-name> Unspecified. When the shell notifies the user a job has been completed, it may remove the job's process ID from the list of those known in the current shell execution environment. Asynchronous notif- ication will not be enabled by default. -C Prevent existing files from being overwritten by the shell's > redirection operator; the >| redirection operator will override this noclobber option for an individual file. -e If a command has a non-zero exit status, execute the ERR trap, if set, and exit. This mode is disabled while reading profiles. -f Disables file name generation. -h Each command becomes a tracked alias when first encountered. -k All variable assignment arguments are placed in SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 51 User Commands ksh(1) the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Background jobs will run in a separate process group and a line will print upon completion. The exit status of background jobs is reported in a completion message. On systems with job control, this flag is turned on automatically for interactive shells. -n Read commands and check them for syntax errors, but do not execute them. Ignored for interac- tive shells. -o The following argument can be one of the follow- ing option names: allexport Same as -a. errexit Same as -e. bgnice All background jobs are run at a lower priority. This is the default mode. emacs Puts you in an emacs style in-line editor for command entry. gmacs Puts you in a gmacs style in-line editor for command entry. ignoreeof The shell will not exit onEOF. The com- mand exit must be used. keyword Same as -k. markdirs All directory names resulting from file name generation have a trailing / appended. monitor Same as -m. noclobber Prevents redirection > from truncating existing files. Require >| to truncate a SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 52 User Commands ksh(1) file when turned on. Equivalent to -C. noexec Same as -n. noglob Same as -f. nolog Do not save function definitions in his- tory file. notify Equivalent to -b. nounset Same as -u. privileged Same as -p. verbose Same as -v. trackall Same as -h. vi Puts you in insert mode of a vi style in- line editor until you hit escape character 033. This puts you in control mode. A return sends the line. viraw Each character is processed as it is typed in vi mode. xtrace Same as -x. If no option name is supplied, the current option settings are printed. -p Disables processing of the $HOME/.profile file and uses the file /etc/suid_profile instead of the ENV file. This mode is on whenever the effective uid is not equal to the real uid, or when the effective gid is not equal to the real gid. Turning this off causes the effective uid and gid to be set to the real uid and gid. -s Sort the positional parameters lexicographi- cally. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 53 User Commands ksh(1) -u Treat unset parameters as an error when substi- tuting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed. - Turns off -x and -v flags and stops examining arguments for flags. -- Do not change any of the flags; useful in set- ting $1 to a value beginning with -. If no arguments follow this flag then the positional parameters are unset. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. These flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of flags may be found in $-. Unless -A is speci- fied, the remaining arguments are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1 $2 .... If no arguments are given, the names and values of all variables are printed on the stan- dard output. * shift [ n ] The positional parameters from $n+1 $n+1 ... are renamed $1 ..., default n is 1. The parameter n can be any arithmetic expression that evaluates to a non- negative number less than or equal to $#. stop%jobid ... stop pid ... stop stops the execution of a background job(s) by using its jobid, or of any process by using its pid. (see ps(1)). suspend Stops the execution of the current shell (but not if it is the login shell). test expression Evaluate conditional expressions. See Conditional Expressions section above and test(1) for usage and description. * times Print the accumulated user and system times for the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 54 User Commands ksh(1) shell and for processes run from the shell. * trap [ arg sig ... ] arg is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) sig. arg is scanned once when the trap is set and once when the trap is taken. sig can be specified as a signal number or signal name. trap commands are executed in order of signal number. Any attempt to set a trap on a signal number that was ignored on entry to the current shell is ineffective. If arg is -, the shell will reset each sig to the default value. If arg is null (''), the shell will ignore each specified sig if it arises. Otherwise, arg will be read and executed by the shell when one of the corresponding sigs arises. The action of the trap will override a previous action (either default action or one explicitly set). The value of $? after the trap action completes will be the value it had before the trap was invoked. sig can be EXIT, 0 (equivalent to EXIT) or a signal specified using a symbolic name, without the SIG pre- fix, for example, HUP, INT, QUIT, TERM. If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside the body of a function, then the command arg is executed after the function completes. If sig is 0 or EXIT for a trap set outside any function, the command arg is executed on exit from the shell. If sig is ERR, arg will be executed whenever a command has a non-zero exit status. If sig is DEBUG, arg will be executed after each command. The environment in which the shell executes a trap on EXIT will be identical to the environment immediately after the last command executed before the trap on EXIT was taken. Each time the trap is invoked, arg will be processed in a manner equivalent to: eval "$arg" Signals that were ignored on entry to a non-interactive shell cannot be trapped or reset, although no error need be reported when attempting to do so. An interactive shell may reset or catch signals ignored on entry. Traps will remain in place for a given shell until explicitly changed with another trap command. When a subshell is entered, traps are set to the default SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 55 User Commands ksh(1) args. This does not imply that the trap command cannot be used within the subshell to set new traps. The trap command with no arguments will write to standard output a list of commands associated with each sig. The for- mat is: trap -- %s %s ... <arg>, <sig> ... The shell will format the output, including the proper use of quoting, so that it is suitable for reinput to the shell as commands that achieve the same trapping results. For example: save_traps=$(trap) ... eval "$save_traps" If the trap name or number is invalid, a non-zero exit status will be returned; otherwise, 0 will be returned. For both interactive and non-interactive shells, invalid signal names or numbers will not be considered a syntax error and will not cause the shell to abort. Traps are not processed while a job is waiting for a foreground process. Thus, a trap on CHLD won't be executed until the foreground job terminates. type name ... For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. ** typeset [ +HLRZfilrtux[n] ] [ name[=value ] ] ..." 6 Sets attributes and values for shell vari- ables and functions. When typeset is invoked inside a function, a new instance of the variables name is created. The variables value and type are restored when the function completes. The following list of attributes may be specified: -H This flag provides UNIX to host-name file map- ping on non-UNIX machines. -L Left justify and remove leading blanks from value. If n is non-zero it defines the width of the field; otherwise, it is determined by the width of the value of first assignment. When the variable is assigned to, it is filled on the right with blanks or truncated, if necessary, to SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 56 User Commands ksh(1) fit into the field. Leading zeros are removed if the -Z flag is also set. The -R flag is turned off. -R Right justify and fill with leading blanks. If n is non-zero it defines the width of the field, otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of first assignment. The field is left filled with blanks or truncated from the end if the variable is reassigned. The -L flag is turned off. -Z Right justify and fill with leading zeros if the first non-blank character is a digit and the -L flag has not been set. If n is non-zero it defines the width of the field; otherwise, it is determined by the width of the value of first assignment. -f The names refer to function names rather than variable names. No assignments can be made and the only other valid flags are -t, -u, and -x. The flag -t turns on execution tracing for this function. The flag -u causes this function to be marked undefined. The FPATH variable will be searched to find the function definition when the function is referenced. The flag -x allows the function definition to remain in effect across shell procedures invoked by name. -i Parameter is an integer. This makes arithmetic faster. If n is non-zero it defines the output arithmetic base; otherwise, the first assignment determines the output base. -l All upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case flag, -u is turned off. -r The given names are marked readonly and these names cannot be changed by subsequent assign- ment. -t Tags the variables. Tags are user definable and have no special meaning to the shell. -u All lower-case characters are converted to upper-case characters. The lower-case flag, -l is turned off. -x The given names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently-executed SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 57 User Commands ksh(1) commands. The -i attribute can not be specified along with -R, -L, -Z, or -f. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. If no name arguments are given but flags are specified, a list of names (and optionally the values) of the variables which have these flags set is printed. (Using + rather than - keeps the values from being printed.) If no names and flags are given, the names and attributes of all variables are printed. ulimit [ -HSacdfnstv ] [ limit ] Set or display a resource limit. The available resources limits are listed below. Many systems do not contain one or more of these limits. The limit for a specified resource is set when limit is speci- fied. The value of limit can be a number in the unit specified below with each resource, or the value unlimited. The H and S flags specify whether the hard limit or the soft limit for the given resource is set. A hard limit cannot be increased once it is set. A soft limit can be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither the H or S options is speci- fied, the limit applies to both. The current resource limit is printed when limit is omitted. In this case the soft limit is printed unless H is specified. When more that one resource is specified, then the limit name and unit is printed before the value. -a Lists all of the current resource limits. -c The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps. -d The number of K-bytes on the size of the data area. -f The number of 512-byte blocks on files written by child processes (files of any size may be read). -n The number of file descriptors plus 1. -s The number of K-bytes on the size of the stack area. -t The number of seconds to be used by each pro- cess. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 58 User Commands ksh(1) -v The number of K-bytes for virtual memory. If no option is given, -f is assumed. umask [-S] [ mask ] The user file-creation mask is set to mask (see umask(2)). mask can either be an octal number or a symbolic value as described in chmod(1). If a symbolic value is given, the new umask value is the complement of the result of applying mask to the complement of the previous umask value. If mask is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. The -S flag pro- duces symbolic output. unalias name... The aliases given by the list of names are removed from the alias list. unset [ -f ] name ... The variables given by the list of names are unas- signed, that is, their values and attributes are erased. readonly variables cannot be unset. If the -f, flag is set, then the names refer to function names. Unsetting ERRNO, LINENO, MAILCHECK, OPTARG, OPTIND, RANDOM, SECONDS, TMOUT, and _ removes their special meaning even if they are subsequently assigned to. * wait [ job ] Wait for the specified job and report its termination status. If job is not given then all currently active child processes are waited for. The exit status from this command is that of the process waited for. See Jobs for a description of the format of job. whence [ -pv ] name ... For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. The -v flag produces a more verbose report. The -p flag does a path search for name even if name is an alias, a function, or a reserved word. Invocation If the shell is invoked by exec(2), and the first character of argument zero ($0) is -, then the shell is assumed to be a login shell and commands are read from /etc/profile and then from either .profile in the current directory or $HOME/.profile, if either file exists. Next, commands are read from the file named by performing parameter substitu- tion on the value of the environment variable ENV if the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 59 User Commands ksh(1) file exists. If the -s flag is not present and arg is, then a path search is performed on the first arg to determine the name of the script to execute. The script arg must have read permission and any setuid and setgid settings will be ignored. If the script is not found on the path, arg is processed as if it named a builtin command or function. Com- mands are then read as described below; the following flags are interpreted by the shell when it is invoked: -c Read commands from the command_string operand. Set the value of special parameter 0 from the value of the command_name operand and the positional parameters ($1, $2, and so on) in sequence from the remaining arg operands. No commands will be read from the standard input. -s If the -s flag is present or if no arguments remain, commands are read from the standard input. Shell out- put, except for the output of the Special Commands listed above, is written to file descriptor 2. -i If the -i flag is present or if the shell input and output are attached to a terminal (as told by ioctl(2)), then this shell is interactive. In this case, TERM is ignored (so that kill 0 does not kill an interactive shell) and INTR is caught and ignored (so that wait is interruptible). In all cases, QUIT is ignored by the shell. -r If the -r flag is present the shell is a restricted shell. The remaining flags and arguments are described under the set command above. rksh Only rksh is used to set up login names and execution environ- ments whose capabilities are more controlled than those of the standard shell. The actions of rksh are identical to those of ksh, except that the following are disallowed: + changing directory (see cd(1)) + setting the value of SHELL, ENV, or PATH + specifying path or command names containing / + redirecting output (>, >|, <>, and >>) + changing group (see newgrp(1)). SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 60 User Commands ksh(1) The restrictions above are enforced after .profile and the ENV files are interpreted. When a command to be executed is found to be a shell pro- cedure, rksh invokes ksh to execute it. Thus, it is possi- ble to provide to the end-user shell procedures that have access to the full power of the standard shell, while impos- ing a limited menu of commands; this scheme assumes that the end-user does not have write and execute permissions in the same directory. The net effect of these rules is that the writer of the .profile has complete control over user actions, by perform- ing guaranteed setup actions and leaving the user in an appropriate directory (probably not the login directory). The system administrator often sets up a directory of com- mands (that is, /usr/rbin) that can be safely invoked by rksh. ERRORS Errors detected by the shell, such as syntax errors, cause the shell to return a non-zero exit status. Otherwise, the shell returns the exit status of the last command executed (see also the exit command above). If the shell is being used non-interactively then execution of the shell file is abandoned. Run time errors detected by the shell are reported by printing the command or function name and the error condition. If the line number that the error occurred on is greater than one, then the line number is also printed in square brackets ([]) after the command or function name. For a non-interactive shell, an error condition encountered by a special built-in or other type of utility will cause the shell to write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit as shown in the following table: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 61 User Commands ksh(1) _______________________________________________________________________ | Error Special Built-in Other Utilities| | Shell language syntax error will exit will exit | | Utility syntax error (option or will exit will not exit | | operand error) | | Redirection error will exit will not exit | | Variable assignment error will exit will not exit | | Expansion error will exit will exit | | Command not found n/a may exit | | Dot script not found will exit n/a | |______________________________________________________________________| An expansion error is one that occurs when the shell expan- sions are carried out (for example, ${x!y}, because ! is not a valid operator); an implementation may treat these as syn- tax errors if it is able to detect them during tokenization, rather than during expansion. If any of the errors shown as "will (may) exit" occur in a subshell, the subshell will (may) exit with a non-zero status, but the script containing the subshell will not exit because of the error. In all of the cases shown in the table, an interactive shell will write a diagnostic message to standard error without exiting. USAGE See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ksh and rksh when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes). EXIT STATUS Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior of other shell commands. The exit status of com- mands that are not utilities is documented in this section. The exit status of the standard utilities is documented in their respective sections. If a command is not found, the exit status will be 127. If the command name is found, but it is not an executable util- ity, the exit status will be 126. Applications that invoke utilities without using the shell should use these exit status values to report similar errors. If a command fails during word expansion or redirection, its exit status will be greater than zero. When reporting the exit status with the special parameter ?, the shell will report the full eight bits of exit status available. The exit status of a command that terminated SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 62 User Commands ksh(1) because it received a signal will be reported as greater than 128.FILES
/etc/profile" /etc/suid_profile $HOME/.profile /tmp/sh* /dev/nullATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri- butes: /usr/bin/ksh" /usr/bin/rksh ____________________________________________________________ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | |_____________________________|_____________________________| | Availability | SUNWcsu | |_____________________________|_____________________________| | CSI | Enabled | |_____________________________|_____________________________| /usr/xpg4/bin/ksh" ____________________________________________________________ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | |_____________________________|_____________________________| | Availability | SUNWxcu4 | |_____________________________|_____________________________| | CSI | Enabled | |_____________________________|_____________________________|SEE ALSO
cat(1), cd(1), chmod(1), cut(1), echo(1), env(1), getoptcvt(1), jobs(1), login(1), newgrp(1), paste(1), ps(1), shell_builtins(1), stty(1), test(1), vi(1), dup(2), exec(2), fork(2), ioctl(2), lseek(2), pipe(2), ulimit(2), umask(2), wait(2), rand(3C), signal(3C), a.out(4), profile(4), attri- butes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), signal(3HEAD), XPG4(5) Morris I. Bolsky and David G. Korn, The KornShell Command and Programming Language, Prentice Hall, 1989. WARNINGS SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 63 User Commands ksh(1) The use of setuid shell scripts is strongly discouraged.NOTES
If a command which is a tracked alias is executed, and then a command with the same name is installed in a directory in the search path before the directory where the original com- mand was found, the shell will continue to exec the original command. Use the -t option of the alias command to correct this situation. Some very old shell scripts contain a ^ as a synonym for the pipe character |. Using the fc built-in command within a compound command will cause the whole command to disappear from the history file. The built-in command .file reads the whole file before any commands are executed. Therefore, alias and unalias com- mands in the file will not apply to any functions defined in the file. When the shell executes a shell script that attempts to exe- cute a non-existent command interpreter, the shell returns an erroneous diagnostic message that the shell script file does not exist. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 26 Feb 1999 64