sh
User Commands sh(1)NAME
sh, jsh - standard and job control shell and command inter- preterSYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/sh [ -acefhiknprstuvx ] [ argument ... ] /usr/xpg4/bin/sh [ + abCefhikmnoprstuvx ] [ + o option ... ] [ -c string ] [ arg ... ] /usr/bin/jsh [ -acefhiknprstuvx ] [ argument ... ]DESCRIPTION
The /usr/bin/sh utility is a command programming language that executes commands read from a terminal or a file. The /usr/xpg4/bin/sh utility is identical to /usr/bin/ksh. See ksh(1). The jsh utility is an interface to the shell that provides all of the functionality of sh and enables job control (see Job Control section below). Arguments to the shell are listed in the Invocation section below. Definitions A blank is a tab or a space. A name is a sequence of ASCII letters, digits, or underscores, beginning with a letter or an underscore. A parameter is a name, a digit, or any of the characters *, @, #, ?, -, $, and !. USAGE Commands A simple-command is a sequence of non-blank words separated by blanks. The first word specifies the name of the command to be executed. Except as specified below, the remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. The command name is passed as argument 0 (see exec(2)). The value of a simple-command is its exit status if it ter- minates normally, or (octal) 200+status if it terminates abnormally; see signal(3HEAD) for a list of status values. A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by |. The standard output of each command but the last is connected by a pipe(2) to the standard input of the next command. Each command is run as a separate process; the shell waits for the last command to terminate. The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 1 User Commands sh(1) A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by ;, &, &&, or ||, and optionally terminated by ; or &. Of these four symbols, ; and & have equal precedence, which is lower than that of && and ||. The symbols && and || also have equal precedence. A semicolon (;) causes sequential execution of the preceding pipeline (that is, the shell waits for the pipeline to finish before executing any com- mands following the semicolon); an ampersand (&) causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline (that is, the shell does not wait for that pipeline to finish). The symbol && (||) causes the list following it to be executed only if the preceding pipeline returns a zero (non-zero) exit status. An arbitrary number of newlines may appear in a list, instead of semicolons, to delimit commands. A command is either a simple-command or one of the follow- ing. Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a com- mand is that of the last simple-command executed in the com- mand. for name [ in word ... ] do list done Each time a for command is executed, name is set to the next word taken from the in word list. If in word ... is omitted, then the for command executes the do list once for each positional parameter that is set (see Parameter Substitution section below). Execution ends when there are no more words in the list. command executes the list associated with the first pattern that matches word. The form of the patterns is the same as that used for file-name generation (see File Name Generation section) except that a slash, a leading dot, or a dot immediately follow- ing a slash need not be matched explicitly. case word in [ pattern [ | pattern ] ) list ;; ] ... esac A case if list ; then list ; [ elif list ; then list ; ] ... [ else list ; ] fi The list following if is executed and, if it returns a zero exit status, the list following the first then is executed. Otherwise, the list following elif is exe- cuted and, if its value is zero, the list following the next then is executed. Failing that, the else list is executed. If no else list or then list is executed, then the if command returns a zero exit status. while list do list done A while command repeatedly executes the while list and, if the exit status of the last command in the list is zero, executes the do list; otherwise the loop terminates. If no commands in the do list are SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 2 User Commands sh(1) executed, then the while command returns a zero exit status; until may be used in place of while to negate the loop termination test. (list) Execute list in a sub-shell. { list;} list is executed in the current (that is, parent) shell. The { must be followed by a space. name () { list;} Define a function which is referenced by name. The body of the function is the list of commands between { and }. The { must be followed by a space. Execution of functions is described below (see Execution sec- tion). The { and } are unnecessary if the body of the function is a command as defined above, under Com- mands. The following words are only recognized as the first word of a command and when not quoted: if then else elif fi case esac for while until do done { } Comments Lines A word beginning with # causes that word and all the follow- ing characters up to a newline to be ignored. Command Substitution The shell reads commands from the string between two grave accents (``) and the standard output from these commands may be used as all or part of a word. Trailing newlines from the standard output are removed. No interpretation is done on the string before the string is read, except to remove backslashes (\) used to escape other characters. Backslashes may be used to escape a grave accent (`) or another backslash (\) and are removed before the com- mand string is read. Escaping grave accents allows nested command substitution. If the command substitution lies within a pair of double quotes (" ...` ...` ... "), a backslash used to escape a double quote (\") will be removed; otherwise, it will be left intact. If a backslash is used to escape a newline character (\new- line), both the backslash and the newline are removed (see the later section on Quoting). In addition, backslashes used to escape dollar signs (\$) are removed. Since no parameter substitution is done on the command string before it is SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 3 User Commands sh(1) read, inserting a backslash to escape a dollar sign has no effect. Backslashes that precede characters other than \, `, ", newline, and $ are left intact when the command string is read. Parameter Substitution The character $ is used to introduce substitutable parame- ters. There are two types of parameters, positional and key- word. If parameter is a digit, it is a positional parameter. Positional parameters may be assigned values by set. Keyword parameters (also known as variables) may be assigned values by writing: name=value [ name=value ] ... Pattern-matching is not performed on value. There cannot be a function and a variable with the same name. ${parameter} The value, if any, of the parameter is substituted. The braces are required only when parameter is fol- lowed by a letter, digit, or underscore that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. If parameter is * or @, all the positional parameters, starting with $1, are substituted (separated by spaces). Parameter $0 is set from argument zero when the shell is invoked. ${parameter:-word} If parameter is set and is non-null, substitute its value; otherwise substitute word. ${parameter:=word} If parameter is not set or is null set it to word; the value of the parameter is substituted. Positional parameters may not be assigned in this way. ${parameter:?word} If parameter is set and is non-null, substitute its value; otherwise, print word and exit from the shell. If word is omitted, the message "parameter null or not set" is printed. ${parameter:+word} If parameter is set and is non-null, substitute word; otherwise substitute nothing. In the above, word is not evaluated unless it is to be used as the substituted string, so that, in the following exam- ple, pwd is executed only if d is not set or is null: echo ${d:-`pwd`} SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 4 User Commands sh(1) If the colon (:) is omitted from the above expressions, the shell only checks whether parameter is set or not. The following parameters are automatically set by the shell. # The number of positional parameters in decimal. - Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set command. ? The decimal value returned by the last synchronously executed command. $ The process number of this shell. ! The process number of the last background command invoked. The following parameters are used by the shell. The parame- ters in this section are also referred to as environment variables. HOME The default argument (home directory) for the cd com- mand, set to the user's login directory by login(1) from the password file (see passwd(4)). PATH The search path for commands (see Execution section below). CDPATH The search path for the cd command. MAIL If this parameter is set to the name of a mail file and the MAILPATH parameter is not set, the shell informs the user of the arrival of mail in the speci- fied file. MAILCHECK This parameter specifies how often (in seconds) the shell will check for the arrival of mail in the files specified by the MAILPATH or MAIL parameters. The default value is 600 seconds (10 minutes). If set to 0, the shell will check before each prompt. MAILPATH A colon (:) separated list of file names. If this parameter is set, the shell informs the user of the arrival of mail in any of the specified files. Each file name can be followed by % and a message that will be printed when the modification time changes. The default message is, you have mail. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 5 User Commands sh(1) PS1 Primary prompt string, by default " $ ". PS2 Secondary prompt string, by default " > ". IFS Internal field separators, normally space, tab, and newline (see Blank Interpretation section). SHACCT If this parameter is set to the name of a file writ- able by the user, the shell will write an accounting record in the file for each shell procedure executed. SHELL When the shell is invoked, it scans the environment (see Environment section below) for this name. See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of sh: LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES. The shell gives default values to PATH, PS1, PS2, MAILCHECK, and IFS. HOME and MAIL are set by login(1). Blank Interpretation After parameter and command substitution, the results of substitution are scanned for internal field separator char- acters (those found in IFS) and split into distinct argu- ments where such characters are found. Explicit null argu- ments ("" or '') are retained. Implicit null arguments (those resulting from parameters that have no values) are removed. Input/Output Redirection A command's input and output may be redirected using a spe- cial notation interpreted by the shell. The following may appear anywhere in a simple-command or may precede or follow a command and are not passed on as arguments to the invoked command. Note: Parameter and command substitution occurs before word or digit is used. <word Use file word as standard input file(descriptor 0). >word Use file word as standard output file(descriptor 1). If the file does not exist, it is created; otherwise, it is truncated to zero length. >>word Use file word as standard output. If the file exists, output is appended to it (by first seeking to the EOF); otherwise, the file is created. <>word Open file word for reading and writing as standard SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 6 User Commands sh(1) input. <<[-]word After parameter and command substitution is done on word, the shell input is read up to the first line that literally matches the resulting word, or to an EOF. If, however, - is appended to <<: 1) leading tabs are stripped from word before the shell input is read (but after parameter and command substi- tution is done on word), 2) leading tabs are stripped from the shell input as it is read and before each line is compared with word, and 3) shell input is read up to the first line that literally matches the resulting word, or to an EOF. If any character of word is quoted (see Quoting section later), no additional processing is done to the shell input. If no characters of word are quoted: 1) parameter and command substitution occurs, 2) (escaped) \newlines are removed, and 3) \ must be used to quote the characters \, $, and `. The resulting document becomes the standard input. <&digit Use the file associated with file descriptor digit as standard input. Similarly for the standard output using >&digit. <&- The standard input is closed. Similarly for the stan- dard output using >&-. If any of the above is preceded by a digit, the file descriptor which will be associated with the file is that specified by the digit (instead of the default 0 or 1). For example: ... 2>&1 associates file descriptor 2 with the file currently associ- ated with file descriptor 1. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 7 User Commands sh(1) The order in which redirections are specified is signifi- cant. The shell evaluates redirections left-to-right. For example: ... 1>xxx 2>&1 first associates file descriptor 1 with file xxx. It associ- ates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file descriptor 1 (that is, xxx). If the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and file descriptor 1 would be associated with file xxx. Using the terminology introduced on the first page, under Commands, if a command is composed of several simple com- mands, redirection will be evaluated for the entire command before it is evaluated for each simple command. That is, the shell evaluates redirection for the entire list, then each pipeline within the list, then each command within each pipeline, then each list within each command. If a command is followed by & the default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by input/output specifications. File Name Generation Before a command is executed, each command word is scanned for the characters *, ?, and [. If one of these characters appears the word is regarded as a pattern. The word is replaced with alphabetically sorted file names that match the pattern. If no file name is found that matches the pat- tern, the word is left unchanged. The character . at the start of a file name or immediately following a /, as well as the character / itself, must be matched explicitly. * Matches any string, including the null string. ? Matches any single character. [...] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by - matches any character lexi- cally between the pair, inclusive. If the first char- acter following the opening [ is a !, any character not enclosed is matched. Note that all quoted characters (see below) must be matched explicitly in a filename. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 8 User Commands sh(1) Quoting The following characters have a special meaning to the shell and cause termination of a word unless quoted: ; & ( ) | ^ < > newline space tab A character may be quoted (that is, made to stand for itself) by preceding it with a backslash (\) or inserting it between a pair of quote marks ('' or ""). During processing, the shell may quote certain characters to prevent them from taking on a special meaning. Backslashes used to quote a single character are removed from the word before the com- mand is executed. The pair \newline is removed from a word before command and parameter substitution. All characters enclosed between a pair of single quote marks (''), except a single quote, are quoted by the shell. Backslash has no special meaning inside a pair of single quotes. A single quote may be quoted inside a pair of double quote marks (for example, "'"), but a single quote can not be quoted inside a pair of single quotes. Inside a pair of double quote marks (""), parameter and com- mand substitution occurs and the shell quotes the results to avoid blank interpretation and file name generation. If $* is within a pair of double quotes, the positional parameters are substituted and quoted, separated by quoted spaces ("$1 $2 ..."); however, if $@ is within a pair of double quotes, the positional parameters are substituted and quoted, separated by unquoted spaces ("$1" "$2" ... ). \ quotes the characters \, `, , and $. The pair \newline is removed before parameter and command substitution. If a backslash precedes characters other than \, `, , $, and newline, then the backslash itself is quoted by the shell. Prompting When used interactively, the shell prompts with the value of PS1 before reading a command. If at any time a newline is typed and further input is needed to complete a command, the secondary prompt (that is, the value of PS2) is issued. Environment The environment (see environ(5)) is a list of name-value pairs that is passed to an executed program in the same way as a normal argument list. The shell interacts with the environment in several ways. On invocation, the shell scans the environment and creates a parameter for each name found, giving it the corresponding value. If the user modifies the value of any of these parameters or creates new parameters, none of these affects the environment unless the export com- mand is used to bind the shell's parameter to the SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 9 User Commands sh(1) environment (see also set -a). A parameter may be removed from the environment with the unset command. The environment seen by any executed command is thus composed of any unmodi- fied name-value pairs originally inherited by the shell, minus any pairs removed by unset, plus any modifications or additions, all of which must be noted in export commands. The environment for any simple-command may be augmented by prefixing it with one or more assignments to parameters. Thus: TERM=450 command and export(TERM; TERM=450; command) are equivalent as far as the execution of command is con- cerned if command is not a Special Command. If command is a Special Command, then TERM=450 command will modify the TERM variable in the current shell. If the -k flag is set, all keyword arguments are placed in the environment, even if they occur after the command name. The following example first prints a=b c and c: echo a=b c a=b c set -k echo a=b c c Signals The INTERRUPT and QUIT signals for an invoked command are ignored if the command is followed by & otherwise signals have the values inherited by the shell from its parent, with the exception of signal 11 (but see also the trap command below). SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 10 User Commands sh(1) Execution Each time a command is executed, the command substitution, parameter substitution, blank interpretation, input/output redirection, and filename generation listed above are car- ried out. If the command name matches the name of a defined function, the function is executed in the shell process (note how this differs from the execution of shell script files, which require a sub-shell for invocation). If the command name does not match the name of a defined function, but matches one of the Special Commands listed below, it is executed in the shell process. The positional parameters $1, $2, ... are set to the argu- ments of the function. If the command name matches neither a Special Command nor the name of a defined function, a new process is created and an attempt is made to execute the command via exec(2). The shell parameter PATH defines the search path for the directory containing the command. Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:). The default path is /usr/bin. The current directory is specified by a null path name, which can appear immediately after the equal sign, between two colon delimiters anywhere in the path list, or at the end of the path list. If the command name contains a / the search path is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for an executable file. If the file has execute permission but is not an a.out file, it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands. A sub-shell is spawned to read it. A parenthesized command is also executed in a sub-shell. The location in the search path where a command was found is remembered by the shell (to help avoid unnecessary execs later). If the command was found in a relative directory, its location must be re-determined whenever the current directory changes. The shell forgets all remembered loca- tions whenever the PATH variable is changed or the hash -r command is executed (see below). Special Commands Input/output redirection is now permitted for these com- mands. File descriptor 1 is the default output location. When Job Control is enabled, additional Special Commands are added to the shell's environment (see Job Control section below). : No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is returned. . filename Read and execute commands from filename and return. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 11 User Commands sh(1) The search path specified by PATH is used to find the directory containing filename. bg [%jobid ...] When Job Control is enabled, the bg command is added to the user's environment to manipulate jobs. Resumes the execution of a stopped job in the background. If %jobid is omitted the current job is assumed. (See Job Control section below for more detail.) break [ n ] Exit from the enclosing for or while loop, if any. If n is specified, break n levels. cd [ argument ] Change the current directory to argument. The shell parameter HOME is the default argument. The shell parameter CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing argument. Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:). The default path is <null> (specifying the current directory). Note: The current directory is specified by a null path name, which can appear immediately after the equal sign or between the colon delimiters anywhere else in the path list. If argument begins with a / the search path is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for argument. chdir [ dir ] chdir changes the shell's working directory to direc- tory dir. If no argument is given, change to the home directory of the user. If dir is a relative pathname not found in the current directory, check for it in those directories listed in the CDPATH variable. If dir is the name of a shell variable whose value starts with a /, change to the directory named by that value. continue [ n ] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for or while loop. If n is specified, resume at the n-th enclosing loop. echo [ arguments ... ] The words in arguments are written to the shell's standard output, separated by space characters. See echo(1) for fuller usage and description. eval [ argument ... ] The arguments are read as input to the shell and the resulting command(s) executed. exec [ argument ... ] SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 12 User Commands sh(1) The command specified by the arguments is executed in place of this shell without creating a new process. Input/output arguments may appear and, if no other arguments are given, cause the shell input/output to be modified. exit [ n ] Causes the calling shell or shell script to exit with the exit status specified by n. If n is omitted the exit status is that of the last command executed (an EOF will also cause the shell to exit.) export [ name ... ] The given names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If no arguments are given, variable names that have been marked for export during the current shell's execution are listed. (Variable names exported from a parent shell are listed only if they have been exported again during the current shell's execution.) Function names are not exported. fg [%jobid ...] When Job Control is enabled, the fg command is added to the user's environment to manipulate jobs. Resumes the execution of a stopped job in the foreground, also moves an executing background job into the foreground. If %jobid is omitted the current job is assumed. (See Job Control section below for more detail.) getopts Use in shell scripts to support command syntax stan- dards (see intro(1)); it parses positional parameters and checks for legal options. See getoptcvt(1) for usage and description. hash [ -r ] [ name ... ] For each name, the location in the search path of the command specified by name is determined and remembered by the shell. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is presented. Hits is the number of times a command has been invoked by the shell process. Cost is a measure of the work required to locate a command in the search path. If a command is found in a "relative" directory in the search path, after changing to that directory, the stored location of that command is recalculated. Com- mands for which this will be done are indicated by an asterisk (*) adjacent to the hits information. Cost will be incremented when the recalculation is done. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 13 User Commands sh(1) jobs [-p|-l] [%jobid ...] jobs -x command [arguments] Reports all jobs that are stopped or executing in the background. If %jobid is omitted, all jobs that are stopped or running in the background will be reported. (See Job Control section below for more detail.) kill [ -sig ] %job ... kill -l Sends either the TERM (terminate) signal or the speci- fied signal to the specified jobs or processes. Sig- nals are either given by number or by names (as given in signal(3HEAD) stripped of the prefix "SIG" with the exception that SIGCHD is named CHLD). If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup), then the job or process will be sent a CONT (continue) sig- nal if it is stopped. The argument job can be the pro- cess id of a process that is not a member of one of the active jobs. See Job Control section below for a description of the format of job. In the second form, kill -l, the signal numbers and names are listed. (See kill(1)). login [ argument ... ] Equivalent to `exec login argument....' See login(1) for usage and description. newgrp [ argument ] Equivalent to exec newgrp argument. See newgrp(1) for usage and description. pwd Print the current working directory. See pwd(1) for usage and description. read name ... One line is read from the standard input and, using the internal field separator, IFS (normally space or tab), to delimit word boundaries, the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, and so forth, with leftover words assigned to the last name. Lines can be continued using \newline. Characters other than newline can be quoted by preceding them with a backslash. These backslashes are removed before words are assigned to names, and no interpretation is done on the character that follows the backslash. The return code is 0, unless an EOF is encountered. readonly [ name ... ] The given names are marked readonly and the values of SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 14 User Commands sh(1) the these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If no arguments are given, a list of all readonly names is printed. return [ n ] Causes a function to exit with the return value speci- fied by n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed. set [ -aefhkntuvx [ argument ... ] ] -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export. -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero exit status. -f Disable file name generation. -h Locate and remember function commands as functions are defined (function commands are normally located when the function is executed). -k All keyword arguments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -n Read commands but do not execute them. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are exe- cuted. - Do not change any of the flags; useful in setting $1 to -. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. These flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining arguments are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... If no arguments are given the values of all names are printed. shift [ n ] The positional parameters from $n+1 ... are renamed $1 ... . If n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 15 User Commands sh(1) stop pid ... Halt execution of the process number pid. (see ps(1)). suspend Stops the execution of the current shell (but not if it is the login shell). test Evaluate conditional expressions. See test(1) for usage and description. times Print the accumulated user and system times for processes run from the shell. trap [ argument n [ n2 ... ]] The command argument is to be read and executed when the shell receives numeric or symbolic signal(s) (n). (Note: argument is scanned once when the trap is set and once when the trap is taken.) Trap commands are executed in order of signal number or corresponding symbolic names. Any attempt to set a trap on a signal that was ignored on entry to the current shell is ineffective. An attempt to trap on signal 11 (memory fault) produces an error. If argument is absent all trap(s) n are reset to their original values. If argu- ment is the null string this signal is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If n is 0 the command argument is executed on exit from the shell. The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands associated with each signal number. type [ name ... ] For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. ulimit [ -[HS][a | cdfnstv] ] ulimit [ -[HS][c | d | f | n | s | t | v] ] limit ulimit prints or sets hard or soft resource limits. These limits are described in getrlimit(2). If limit is not present, ulimit prints the specified limits. Any number of limits may be printed at one time. The -a option prints all limits. If limit is present, ulimit sets the specified limit to limit. The string unlimited requests the largest valid limit. Limits may be set for only one resource at a time. Any user may set a soft limit to any value below the hard limit. Any user may lower a hard limit. Only a super-user may raise a hard limit; see su(1M). The -H option specifies a hard limit. The -S option SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 16 User Commands sh(1) specifies a soft limit. If neither option is speci- fied, ulimit will set both limits and print the soft limit. The following options specify the resource whose lim- its are to be printed or set. If no option is speci- fied, the file size limit is printed or set. -c maximum core file size (in 512-byte blocks) -d maximum size of data segment or heap (in kbytes) -f maximum file size (in 512-byte blocks) -n maximum file descriptor plus 1 -s maximum size of stack segment (in kbytes) -t maximum CPU time (in seconds) -v maximum size of virtual memory (in kbytes) Run the sysdef(1M) command to obtain the maximum pos- sible limits for your system. The values reported are in hexadecimal, but can be translated into decimal numbers using the bc(1) utility. See swap(1M).) Example of ulimit: to limit the size of a core file dump to 0 Mega- bytes, type the following: ulimit -c 0 umask [ nnn ] The user file-creation mask is set to nnn (see umask(1)). If nnn is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. unset [ name ... ] For each name, remove the corresponding variable or function value. The variables PATH, PS1, PS2, MAIL- CHECK, and IFS cannot be unset. wait [ n ] Wait for your background process whose process id is n and report its termination status. If n is omitted, all your shell's currently active background processes are waited for and the return code will be zero. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 17 User Commands sh(1) Invocation If the shell is invoked through exec(2) and the first char- acter of argument zero is -, commands are initially read from /etc/profile and from $HOME/.profile , if such files exist. Thereafter, commands are read as described below, which is also the case when the shell is invoked as /usr/bin/sh. The flags below are interpreted by the shell on invocation only. Note: Unless the -c or -s flag is speci- fied, the first argument is assumed to be the name of a file containing commands, and the remaining arguments are passed as positional parameters to that command file: -c string If the -c flag is present commands are read from string. -i If the -i flag is present or if the shell input and output are attached to a terminal, this shell is interactive. In this case TERMINATE is ignored (so that kill 0 does not kill an interactive shell) and INTERRUPT is caught and ignored (so that wait is interruptible). In all cases, QUIT is ignored by the shell. -p If the -p flag is present, the shell will not set the effective user and group IDs to the real user and group IDs. -r If the -r flag is present the shell is a restricted shell (see rsh(1M)). -s If the -s flag is present or if no arguments remain, commands are read from the standard input. Any remain- ing arguments specify the positional parameters. Shell output (except for Special Commands) is written to file descriptor 2. The remaining flags and arguments are described under the set command above. Job Control (jsh) When the shell is invoked as jsh, Job Control is enabled in addition to all of the functionality described previously for sh. Typically Job Control is enabled for the interactive shell only. Non-interactive shells typically do not benefit from the added functionality of Job Control. With Job Control enabled every command or pipeline the user enters at the terminal is called a job. All jobs exist in one of the following states: foreground, background or stopped. These terms are defined as follows: 1) a job in the foreground has read and write access to the controlling SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 18 User Commands sh(1) terminal; 2) a job in the background is denied read access and has conditional write access to the controlling terminal (see stty(1)); 3) a stopped job is a job that has been placed in a suspended state, usually as a result of a SIGTSTP signal (see signal(3HEAD)). Every job that the shell starts is assigned a positive integer, called a job number which is tracked by the shell and will be used as an identifier to indicate a specific job. Additionally the shell keeps track of the current and previous jobs. The current job is the most recent job to be started or restarted. The previous job is the first non- current job. The acceptable syntax for a Job Identifier is of the form: %jobid where, jobid may be specified in any of the following for- mats: % or + for the current job - for the previous job ?<string> specify the job for which the command line uniquely contains string. n for job number n, where n is a job number pref where pref is a unique prefix of the command name (for example, if the command ls -l name were running in the background, it could be referred to as %ls); pref can- not contain blanks unless it is quoted. When Job Control is enabled, the following commands are added to the user's environment to manipulate jobs: bg [%jobid ...] Resumes the execution of a stopped job in the back- ground. If %jobid is omitted the current job is assumed. fg [%jobid ...] Resumes the execution of a stopped job in the fore- ground, also moves an executing background job into the foreground. If %jobid is omitted the current job is assumed. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 19 User Commands sh(1) jobs [-p|-l] [%jobid ...] jobs -x command [arguments] Reports all jobs that are stopped or executing in the background. If %jobid is omitted, all jobs that are stopped or running in the background will be reported. The following options will modify/enhance the output of jobs: -l Report the process group ID and working direc- tory of the jobs. -p Report only the process group ID of the jobs. -x Replace any jobid found in command or arguments with the corresponding process group ID, and then execute command passing it arguments. kill [ -signal ] %jobid Builtin version of kill to provide the functionality of the kill command for processes identified with a jobid. stop %jobid ... Stops the execution of a background job(s). suspend Stops the execution of the current shell (but not if it is the login shell). wait [%jobid ...] wait builtin accepts a job identifier. If %jobid is omitted wait behaves as described above under Special Commands. Large File Behavior See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of sh and jsh when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes). EXIT STATUS Errors detected by the shell, such as syntax errors, cause the shell to return a non-zero exit status. If the shell is being used non-interactively execution of the shell file is abandoned. Otherwise, the shell returns the exit status of the last command executed (see also the exit command above). jsh Only If the shell is invoked as jsh and an attempt is made to exit the shell while there are stopped jobs, the shell issues one warning: SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 20 User Commands sh(1) There are stopped jobs. This is the only message. If another exit attempt is made, and there are still stopped jobs they will be sent a SIGHUP signal from the kernel and the shell is exited.FILES
$HOME/.profile /dev/null /etc/profile" /tmp/sh*ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri- butes: /usr/bin/sh /usr/bin/jsh" ____________________________________________________________ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | | Availability | SUNWcsu | | CSI | Enabled | |_____________________________|_____________________________| /usr/xpg4/bin/sh ____________________________________________________________ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | | Availability | SUNWxcu4 | | CSI | Enabled | |_____________________________|_____________________________|SEE ALSO
intro(1), bc(1), echo(1), getoptcvt(1), kill(1), ksh(1), login(1), newgrp(1), ps(1), pwd(1), shell_builtins(1), stty(1), test(1), umask(1), wait(1), rsh(1M), su(1M), swap(1M), sysdef(1M), dup(2), exec(2), fork(2), getrlimit(2), pipe(2), ulimit(2), setlocale(3C), passwd(4), profile(4), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), signal(3HEAD), XPG4(5) WARNINGS The use of setuid shell scripts is strongly discouraged.NOTES
Words used for filenames in input/output redirection are not interpreted for filename generation (see File Name SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 21 User Commands sh(1) Generation section above). For example, cat file1 >a* will create a file named a*. Because commands in pipelines are run as separate processes, variables set in a pipeline have no effect on the parent shell. If you get the error message cannot fork,too many processes, try using the wait(1) command to clean up your background processes. If this doesn't help, the system process table is probably full or you have too many active foreground processes. (There is a limit to the number of process ids associated with your login, and to the number the system can keep track of.) Only the last process in a pipeline can be waited for. If a command is executed, and a command with the same name is installed in a directory in the search path before the directory where the original command was found, the shell will continue to exec the original command. Use the hash command to correct this situation. The Bourne shell has a limitation on the effective UID for a process. If this UID is less than 100 (and not equal to the process' real UID), then the UID is reset to the process' real UID. Because the shell implements both foreground and background jobs in the same process group, they all receive the same signals, which can lead to unexpected behavior. It is, therefore, recommended that other job contrl shells be used, especially in an interactive environment. When the shell executes a shell script that attempts to exe- cute a non-existent command interpreter, the shell returns an erroneous diagnostic message that the shell script file does not exist. SunOS 5.8 Last change: 9 May 1997 22