You can now safely eject the diskette from the drive.
Putting Linux Files on an MS-DOS Diskette
To copy files from a Linux machine to an MS-DOS formatted diskette so that a Windows machine can read it you should format your diskette with an MS-DOS (FAT) file system. This can be done with the Windows OS or with floppy (see Section 4.1.3.1 Using floppy). Then mount it in Linux as described in Section 4.1.1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette. Copy files using the following command (substituting filename with the name of the file you wish to copy):
cp filename /mnt/floppy
You can then unmount the diskette and eject it from the drive. The new file on the diskette should now be accessible from your Windows machine.
Formatting a Diskette
To use a diskette specifically with Red Hat Linux, you need to format the diskette using the ext2 file system. ext2 is one of the file systems supported by Red Hat Linux, and is the default method used for formatting diskettes.
Formatting a diskette will erase all of its contents. Be sure to backup any files that you need before performing any of the following operations on your diskettes.
Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette, you can manipulate its contents in the same ways that you manipulate directories and files on your hard drive.
To start floppy, choose Main Menu => System Tools => Floppy Formatter. From a shell prompt, type /usr/bin/floppy. The floppy interface is small and has few options. The default settings are sufficient for most users and needs; however, you can format your diskette with an MS-DOS file system type if necessary. You can also choose the density of your diskette (if you are not using the usual high density 3.5" 1.44MB diskette). You can also elect to quick format the diskette if it was previously formatted as ext2.
Using mke2fs
The mke2fs command is used to create a Linux ext2 file system on a device such as a hard drive partition or (in this case) a diskette. mke2fs essentially formats the device and creates an empty, Linux-compatible device which can then be used for storing files and data.
Insert your diskette into the drive and issue the following command at a shell prompt:
/sbin/mke2fs /dev/fd0
On Linux systems, /dev/fd0 refers to the first diskette drive. If your computer has more than one diskette drive, your primary diskette drive is /dev/fd0, your second /dev/fd1, and so on.
The mke2fs utility has a number of options. The -c option makes the mke2fs command check the device for bad blocks before creating the file system. The other options are covered in the mke2fs man page.
Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette, it is ready to be used with your Red Hat Linux system.
OpenOffice.org Suite
The OpenOffice.org suite contains several applications for creating and editing documents, spreadsheets, business presentations, and artwork. It includes templates, forms, and wizards for creating basic professional documents and presentations quickly. If you have ever worked with or received .doc or .xls files, you know they are commonly associated with the Microsoft Office suite. The OpenOffice.org suite is able to read, edit, and create files in several formats, including files which are commonly associated with Microsoft Office.
Application File Compatibility Document Types OpenOffice.org Writer .sxw, .sdw, .doc, .rtf, .txt, .htm/.html Formal letters, business forms, school papers, resumes, newsletters, reports OpenOffice.org Calc .sxc, .dbf, .xls, .sdc, .slk, .csv, .htm/.html Spreadsheets, charts, tables, graphs, personnel directories, address books, budgets, simple databases OpenOffice.org Impress .sxi, .ppt, .sxd, .sdd Business and academic presentations, Web presentations, lectures, slide shows OpenOffice.org Draw .sxd, .sda; export files to several image formats, including .jpg, .bmp, .gif, and .png Illustrations, line drawings, clip art, organizational charts
OpenOffice.org Writer
Writing documents using OpenOffice.org is similar to other word processing applications you may have used before. A word processor is like a text editor but has several additional features that allow you to format, design, and print your documents without the need to memorize complex formatting tags or codes. OpenOffice.org Writer is a powerful word processor that features WYSIWYG formatting — what you see in the OpenOffice.org Writer window is exactly what you get if you printed the document or if you gave the document file to someone else for them to view.
OpenOffice.org Writer
To start OpenOffice.org Writer from your desktop panel, choose Main Menu => Office => OpenOffice.org Writer; to start it from a shell prompt, type oowriter.
The main interface is the document editing area (the white space in the middle of the window) where you can add and edit text. At the top of the window are various functions collected into toolbars that let you choose your fonts, letter sizes, justification (aligning the text of your document to the left, center, or right margins), and more. There is also a text box that enables you to specify the exact location of a document on your machine and load the document into the editing area. There are also buttons for opening, saving, and printing documents, as well as buttons for creating new documents (which will open up a new window with a blank document for you to add content).
Along the left side of the window, there is a toolbar with buttons for checking your spelling, toggling the automatic highlighting of misspelled words, keyword and phrase searching, and other convenient editing functions. If you hover the mouse cursor over a toolbar button, a pop-up Tip is displayed with a brief explanation of the button's functionality. You can display more detailed Tips by clicking the Help menu and choosing Extended Tips.
You can immediately begin typing text into the document editing area at any time using the default settings. To save your text, click the Save button choose the file format from the File type drop down menu at the bottom of the browser window. The default file type is appropriate for files that you are working on exclusively with OpenOffice.org applications. However, for files that you need to distribute to Microsoft Office users, or if you are editing a file that was sent as an email attachment with the .doc extension, you can save the file as a Microsoft Word file type that others will be able to open it in Microsoft Word.
While
OpenOffice.org Writer is useful
for general document editing, you can also add objects such as images,
illustrations, charts, and tables to your document to complement your
text or give impact to your documents. To add an image to the
document, select
Insert =>
Graphics => From File,
and choose the image from the pop-up file browser. The image will
appear where you placed your cursor and can be made larger or smaller
by clicking on the resizing borders around the image.
Once you have created your document, you can save it in any format that you wish. Note that you can also export your document to HTML or PDF format, formats which can be read by almost every computer with a Web browser (such as Mozilla) or PDF viewer application (such as xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader).
From large enterprises to home offices, professionals in every
industry use spreadsheets for keeping records, creating business
charts, and manipulating data.
OpenOffice.org
Calc is a software spreadsheet application that allows
you to enter and manipulate data cells
organized in columns and rows. A cell is a container for individual
pieces of data, such as a quantity, label, or mathematical
formula. You can perform calculations on groups of cells (such as
adding or subtracting a column of cells) or create charts based on the
quantities contained in a group of cells. You can even incorporate
spreadsheet data into your documents for a professional touch.
To start
OpenOffice.org Calc from the
desktop panel, select
Main Menu =>
Office => OpenOffice.org
Calc. To start
OpenOffice.org
Calc from a shell prompt, type
oocalc.
OpenOffice.org Calc allows you to enter
and manipulate personal or business data. For example, you can create
a personal budget by entering data descriptions (such as
rent,
groceries, and
utilities) into column A and the quantities of
those data descriptions in column B.
OpenOffice.org
Calc allows you to enter the data either in the cell
itself by double clicking the cell and typing your information or by
using the
Input Line (the text box on the
toolbar). Then you can run a formula on column B to come up with a
total.
OpenOffice.org Calc has several
preset functions and calculations (such as
=SUM() for addition/multiplication,
=quotient() for division, and
=subtotal()for preparing receipts). For
detailed information about creating functions for calculating your
numerical data in
OpenOffice.org Calc,
refer to the documentation by selecting
Help =>
Contents.
If you need to create charts or graphs for class or business
presentations,
OpenOffice.org has several
chart and graph templates available. Highlight the
areas you would like to chart, then click
Insert =>
Chart.... Click Next to display the many different charts and graphs you can create using your data. Choose the style you want, and click Create. The graph will be displayed anchored within the spreadsheet window. You can move it anywhere on the screen for printing, or you can save the graph as an object that you can then embed in OpenOffice.org Writer documents or OpenOffice.org Impress presentations.
You can save spreadsheets created with OpenOffice.org
Calc in several file formats, including the native
.sxc as well as Microsoft Office compatible
.xls formats. Additionally, you can export
rendered charts and graphs to several image file formats and
integrate them with document files, webpages, and
presentations.
Visual aids can give your presentations an added impact that
catches your audience's attention and keeps them
interested.
OpenOffice.org Impress is a
graphical tool that can help you make a more convincing
presentation.
To start
OpenOffice.org Impress from
the graphical desktop, select
Main Menu =>
Office => OpenOffice.org
Impress. To start
OpenOffice.org
Impress from a shell prompt, type
ooimpress.
OpenOffice.org Impress features a
step-by-step automated presentation wizard called AutoPilot that
allows you to create presentations from a collection of default style
templates. You can make slides with itemized lists, outlines, or
images. You can even import charts and graphs created by
OpenOffice.org Calc into a slide.
When you first start OpenOffice.org
Impress, you will be presented with the AutoPilot. You
can choose the style of your slides, the medium with which you will
present your slides (plain paper, transparent paper for overhead
projectors, slides, or a display monitor), and any animated visual
effects you want to apply to the slides if you run presentations
from your computer.
Once you have chosen your preferences with AutoPilot tool, you can
choose the type of slide you want to create. You can select a
pre-formatted slide from the list or start with a blank slide and
customize the layout yourself. To add new slides to your presentation,
click
Insert Slide... in the floating toolbar,
and a pop-up window will appear allowing you to choose the layout of
the new slide. You can have as many slides in your presentation as you
need.
You can also preview your presentation at any point by selecting
Slide Show => Slide Show
from the file menus. The presentation will be presented in full
screen, which you can exit by cycling through every slide until you
reach the end or by pressing the Your presentation can be saved in several file formats. You can
save in the native
OpenOffice.org Impress
format (for example,
mypresentation.sxi), the
Microsoft PowerPoint format (
mypresentation.ppt),
or StarImpress format (
mypresentation.sdd). You
can also print your presentation to plain or transparent paper formats
by clicking
File =>
Print from the file menu.
To learn more about
OpenOffice.org
Impress, click
Help =>
Contents from the file menus.
If you want to create graphics for your documents and
presentations, you can use
OpenOffice.org
Draw. Using your mouse as a you would a pen or a
paintbrush,
OpenOffice.org Draw allows you
to make illustrations and save them in several formats that you can
add to printed documents, place on websites, or attach to emails.
To start
OpenOffice.org Draw from
the desktop panel, click
Main Menu =>
Office => OpenOffice.org
Draw. To start
OpenOffice.org
Draw from a shell prompt, type
oodraw.
If you are familiar with illustration and graphics applications such as The GIMP you will find that OpenOffice.org Draw has some of the same basic functions. There are toolbars for creating straight and curved lines, basic shapes such as squares and circles, 3D objects such as cones and cubes, and more. You can create images and fill them with the color of your choice using the Area Style/Filling drop-down menu on the main toolbar. You can additionally insert text into your illustrations. OpenOffice.org Draw also allows you to open and import images and modify them with the tools provided.
When you complete your illustration or image modifications, you can save the file in one of several native file formats or export your work to several popular formats such as .jpg or .png.
Red Hat Linux includes several email applications, including graphical email clients like Evolution and Mozilla Mail, and text-based clients like mutt. All of the email client applications are designed to suit certain types of users; so, you can choose one with the features that best suits your particular needs.
Before you launch an email client, you should have some information from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) handy so that you can configure the client properly. The following lists a few important things you may need to know:
The email address you will use to send and receive mail. This is
usually in the form of
yourname@yourisp.net. In order to receive mail, know what type of server your
network administrator or ISP is using. This POP or IMAP address, is
usually in the form of
mail.someisp.net.
POP, short for Post Office Protocol, is
used to send email from a mail server to your email client's
inbox, the place where incoming email is
stored. Most ISP email servers use the POP protocol, although some
can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
IMAP, short for Internet Message Access
Protocol, is a protocol for retrieving email messages
from your ISP's email server. IMAP differs from POP in that email
from IMAP servers are stored on the server and stays there even as
you download and read your mail, whereas POP mail is downloaded to
your email client directly and does not stay on
the server. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
is a protocol for sending email messages between servers. Most email
systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages
from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with
an email client using either POP or IMAP. SMTP is also used to send
messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need
to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you
configure your email application. If you have any questions regarding what information you need, contact
your ISP or network administrator. Unless properly configured, you will
not be able to make full use of the email clients.
Evolution is more than just an
email client. It provides all of the standard email client features,
including powerful mailbox management, user-defined filters, and quick
searches. It additionally features a flexible calendar/scheduler which
allows users to create and confirm group meetings and special events
online.
Evolution is a full-featured
personal and workgroup information management tool for Linux and
UNIX-based systems, and is the default email client for Red Hat Linux.
To launch
Evolution from the
desktop panel, go to
Main Menu =>
Internet => Email.
The first time you start Evolution you will be presented with the Welcome Screen which allows you to configure your email connection. Follow the on-screen instructions and fill in the information you collected from your ISP or administrator in the text boxes provided. When you are done, click Finish, and you will be presented with the Main Screen.
To see what is in your inbox or to send an email, click on the
Inbox icon.
To compose a mail, select New Message from the
toolbar.
Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to, click Send on the toolbar.
Linux uses the term root in several different ways, which might be confusing to new users. There is the root account (the superuser, who has permission to do anything), the root account's home directory ( /root) and the root directory for the entire file system ( /). When you are speaking to someone and using the term root, be sure to know which root is being discussed.
Unless you are a system administrator or have root (superuser) access, you probably do not have permission to write to the files and directories outside of your home directory. Certain directories are reserved for specific purposes. For example, /home is the default location for users' home directories.
Users that do not have superuser access might find the following directories useful for finding their home directories, reading documentation, or storing temporary files.
Linux distros generally follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which standardize the way system programs and files are stored on all Linux systems.
Red Hat Linux includes the Internet Configuration Wizard, which can be used to create an Internet connection. You can then configure the connection that you created at any time using the Network Administration Tool.
To use Internet Configuration Wizard, be running the X Window System and have root privileges. To start the application, use one of the following methods:
In both cases you will have to enter your root password to continue.
Your own ISP may have specific connection requirements for their service which differ from the instructions in this chapter. Before connecting, check with your ISP for any specific instructions that they provide, including the following information:
An ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) connection uses high-speed, high-quality digital telecommunication lines as opposed to an analog modem connection. This special phone line must be installed by a phone company. To configure this type of connection, start Internet Configuration Wizard, select ISDN Connection, and follow the steps in the wizard.
A modem connection uses a modem to establish a connection to the
Internet. Digital data is modulated into analog signals and sent
over phone lines. To configure this type of connection, start
Internet Configuration Wizard, select Modem
Connection, and follow the steps in the wizard.
An xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connection uses high-speed
transmissions through telephone lines. There are different types of
DSL such as ADSL, IDSL, and
SDSL.
Internet Configuration Wizard uses the term xDSL
to mean all types of DSL connections.
Some DSL providers require you to configure your system to
obtain an IP address through DHCP with an Ethernet card. To
configure this type of connection, start
Internet
Configuration Wizard, select
Ethernet
Connection, and select DHCP on the
Configure
Network Settings screen. Some DSL providers require you
to configure a PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)
connection with an Ethernet card. To configure this type of
connection, start the
Internet Configuration
Wizard, select
xDSL Connection,
and follow the steps in the wizard. If supply a username
and password to connect, you are probably using PPPoE. Ask your DSL
provider which method you should use.
A cable modem connection uses the same coaxial cable that your TV
cable travels on to transmit data. Most cable Internet providers
require you to install an Ethernet card in your computer that
connects to the cable modem. Then, the cable modem connects to the
coaxial cable. The Ethernet card is usually required to be
configured for DHCP. To configure this type of connection, start
Internet Configuration Wizard, select
Ethernet Connection, and select DHCP on the
Configure Network Settings screen.
If you are connecting your Red Hat Linux computer to a wireless access
point (WAP) or peer-to-peer (also called
ad-hoc) network with a wireless
(802.11
x) network card, then you will
need to configure your wireless device. Choose the
Wireless Connection, then select the device
from the list provided. You can then configure the device for DHCP or fixed IP addresses In the pop-up device configuration
window. The
Internet Configuration Wizard is a
utility that guides you step-by-step through the process of establishing
your Internet connection. Once your connection is up and running, you can
then configure it to suit your needs or particular connection.
Most computer users either own a printer at home or use one at
work. Printers have become a very popular PC peripheral due to their
increasing quality and decreasing prices. Printer hardware manufacturers
distribute CD-ROMs or diskettes with their printers, as most operating
systems require these CD-ROMs because they contain printer
drivers — software that communicates with
both the printer and the operating system. Red Hat Linux provides drivers for most
printer models, thus the drivers and software on the printer
manufacturer's CD-ROM and diskettes are not needed. With few exceptions,
all you need to do is attach the printer to your Red Hat Linux system, turn on the
printer, and configure it with the useful tools provided by Red Hat Linux.
Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility for configuring local and remote
printers without the need to install additional drivers and
applications. The
Printer Configuration Tool uses a
step-by-step process that can help you configure a printer faster than
editing configuration files manually. This chapter shows you how to set
up and test a printer directly connected to your Red Hat Linux system. For
remote printer setup and more advanced printer configuration issues,
This chapter answers some of the most common questions about using
Red Hat Linux that you may ask as you become more familiar with it. From
recovering forgotten passwords to troubleshooting package installation
problems, this chapter will ease you step-by-step through some common
tasks and get you on your way.
I have installed Red Hat Linux. After rebooting, I get a message telling
me it needs a localhost login and password. What are these?
Unless you specified a host name for your computer, or received that
information from a network, your Red Hat Linux installation will call your machine
localhost.localdomain by default.
When you get to that initial prompt, it is asking you to log in to
your system. If you created a user account with the
Setup Agent, you can log in using that
user name and password. If you did not create a user account, then you
can log in as the super user, also known as
root. The root password is the system password
you assigned during installation.
It is highly recommended that you create at least one user account
for regular use of your Red Hat Linux system. You can create a new user after
logging in as root with the
User Manager
graphical tool or the
useradd shell prompt
utility.
From booting up to shutting down, whether you are working or playing,
Red Hat Linux provides tools and applications to help you get the most out of your
computing environment. This chapter guides you through some basic tasks
that you can perform on your Red Hat Linux system.
The first time you start your Red Hat Linux system, the
Setup Agent is
presented. The
Setup Agent guides you through
the configuration of your Red Hat Linux system. Using this tool, you can set your
system time and date, add users to your system, install software, register
your machine with the Red Hat Network, and more.
Setup Agent allows you to configure your
environment at the beginning, so that you can get started using your Red Hat Linux
system quickly.
The Setup Agent first prompts you to
create a user account that you should use on a routine basis. It is not
recommended to log in to your root account for common computing tasks, as
you may damage your system or unintentionally delete a file. The
Setup Agent lets you enter a username, an
optional full name for the account, and a password (which enter
twice). This creates a user account that you can use to log into your
Red Hat Linux system and which has its own home directory on the system to store
files.
The Setup Agent allows you to manually
set your machine's date and time, which adjusts the clock on your
computer's BIOS (Basic Input Output System). To
set the day, month, and year on your system, use the calendar
interface. To set your time in hours, minutes, and seconds, use the
provided text boxes.
You may also synchronize your date and time automatically with a
network time server — a computer that sends
accurate date and time settings to your system through a network
connection. Check the box labeled
Enable Network Time
Protocol and use the drop-down menu to select the time server
you want to use. Once you have set your time and date, click
Forward to continue.
To register your system with Red Hat Network and receive automatic updates of
your Red Hat Linux system, choose
Yes, I would like to register my
system with Red Hat Network. This will start the Red Hat Update Agent — a
utility that guides you step-by-step through the registration of your
machine with Red Hat Network. Selecting
No, I do not want to register my
system skips the registration.
To install Red Hat Linux RPM packages that you did not install during
installation, software from third-party providers, or documentation from
the Red Hat Linux Documentation CD, you can do so at the
Additional
CDs screen. Insert the CD containing the software or
documentation you want to install, click the
Install... button, and follow the
instructions.
If you are installing a package from the Red Hat Linux
Installation CDs, insert CD 1, click the
Install... button, choose the package(s) or
component you want to install, and, if prompted,
change the CD.
Now that your system is configured, you are ready to log in and
start using Red Hat Linux. Press
Forward to exit the
Setup Agent.
Red Hat Linux consists of various software applications and utilities, known as
RPM packages. A package is just a file that
contains a software program.
This chapter explains three ways to update your system: using Red Hat Network,
using the online Errata List, and using the Red Hat Linux Installation CD-ROMs.
Red Hat Network is an Internet solution for managing one or more Red Hat Linux systems.
All Security Alerts, Bug Fix Alerts, and Enhancement Alerts
(collectively known as Errata Alerts) can be downloaded directly from
Red Hat using the
Red Hat Update Agent standalone application
or through the RHN website available at
http://rhn.redhat.com/.
Red Hat Network saves users time because they receive email when updated packages are
released. Users do not have to search the Web for updated packages or
security alerts. By default, Red Hat Network installs the packages as well. Users do
not have to learn how to use RPM or worry about resolving software package
dependencies; RHN does it all.
Each Red Hat Network account comes with:
To start using Red Hat Network, follow these three basic steps:
Red Hat Linux includes the Red Hat Network Notification Tool, a convenient panel icon that displays visible alerts when there is an update for your Red Hat Linux system. For more information: http://rhn.redhat.com/help/basic/applet.html
Here are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use to perform common tasks quickly. Many more are available in addition to what is listed here. For more command line and keyboard shortcuts, visit:
Nautilus is a core component of the GNOME desktop environment and provides an easy way to view, manage, and customize your files and folders, as well as browse the Web.
Nautilus integrates your access to files, applications, media, Internet-based resources, and the Web, making it convenient for you to locate and use all the resources that are available.
If you are using Nautilus, browsing the Web is one mouse click away. Click Web Search in the toolbar to launch the Nautilus Web browser feature.
Or, you can use the Location: bar to enter path
names, URLs, or other types of addresses.
When you are viewing a Web page,
Nautilus gives you additional browser choices
in case you want to use a full-featured Web browser. To select a different
browser, click one of the buttons in the sidebar.
For additional information on using
Nautilus, click on Help
(on the top menu panel) and select
Nautilus User
Manual or
Nautilus Quick
Reference.
To configure the system time zone, click the
Time
Zone tab. The time zone can be changed by either
using the interactive map or by choosing the desired time zone from
the list below the map. To use the map, click on the city that
represents the desired time zone. A red
X will
appear and the time zone selection will change
in the list below the map.
Click
OK to apply the changes and
exit the program.
If your system clock is set to use UTC, select the System
clock uses UTC option. UTC stands for the universal time
zone, also known as Greenwich mean time (GMT). Other time zones are
determined by adding or subtracting from the UTC time.
The graphical desktop includes a file manager called
Nautilus that gives you a graphical display
of your system and personal files.
Nautilus
is designed to be much more than a visual listing of files, however. It
allows you to configure your desktop, configure your Red Hat Linux system,
browse your photo collection, access your network resources, and more
all from one integrated interface. In essence,
Nautilus becomes a
shell for your entire desktop experience.
Working in
Nautilus is efficient and provides
an alternative to searching through the various sub-menus connected to
the
Main Menu or using a shell prompt to navigate the
file system. The following sections explain how to use the
Nautilus to enhance your desktop experience.
To start
Nautilus as a file manager, double-click on
your home directory icon:
Once
Nautilus appears, you can navigate
through your home directory or the rest of the file system. To return to
your home directory, click the
Home button.
The browser window contains folders and files which you can drag with
your mouse to move and copy into new locations. You can open another
Nautilus window by selecting
File => New Window. Once
you have another
Nautilus window, you can
drag and drop files to different directories. By default, dragging a
file from one directory to another moves the file. To copy the file to
another directory, press the By default, image files in your home directory will be seen as
thumbnails. For text files, this means you see a
portion of the actual text in the icon. For images, you see a
scaled-down (or thumbnail) version of the
image. To turn off this feature, select
Edit =>
Preferences. Select the
Preview tab, then select
Never in the drop down for Show
Thumbnails. Disabling this (and other) previewing feature
increases the speed of
Nautilus.
The desktop panel is the bar that stretches across the bottom of the
screen and holds icons and small applications which makes using your
system easier. The panel also holds the
Main Menu,
which contains shortcuts for all of your applications. Applets embedded
on the panel allow you to run specific tasks or monitor your system or
services while remaining out of your way. The notification area holds
alert icons such as the one for Red Hat Network so that you can be quickly alerted
to critical messages.
You can click on the
Main Menu button
allow you to access the applications on your system.
From here, you can start most applications included in Red Hat Linux. Notice
that, in addition to the recommended applications, you can also access
additional applications within each sub-menu. These sub-menus give you
access to a full range of applications on your system. From the
Main Menu, you can also log out, run applications
from a command line, find files, and lock your screen (which runs a
password protected screen saver).
Applets are small applications that run on the panel. Applets let
you monitor various aspects of your system. Some applets perform
useful tasks while others are designed to be entertaining.
There are a few applets that run on your panel by default. These
applets are fairly important and are covered in the following list.
The graphical desktop gives you the ability to use multiple
workspaces so you do not have to have all of your running
applications crowding one viewable desktop area. The
Workspace Switcher represents each
workspace (or desktop) in small squares and show the
applications running on them. Click on one of the squares with
your mouse to move to that desktop. You can also use the
keyboard shortcut
Next to the
Workspace Switcher is
the
Taskbar. The
Taskbar is an applet which shows you
the titles of running applications on any one virtual
desktop. This is very helpful if you decide to minimize an
application as it will seem to disappear from the desktop. Once
it disappears, you can bring it back by clicking on its title in
the
Taskbar.
Part of the
Notification Area,
the
Red Hat Network Notification Tool provides you with an
easy way to make sure your system is up-to-date with current
errata and bug fixes from Red Hat. The applet shows you different
images that indicate whether your system is up to date or needs
upgrades. If you click on the icon, a list of available updates
will be displayed. To update your system, click the button to
launch the
Red Hat Update Agent. If you are not
registered with Red Hat Network, it will launch the registration
component. Right-click on the applet icon for a list of options
from which to choose.
The key icon that is sometimes displayed in the
Notification Area is a security
notification that displays whenever you have gained root
authentication for your system (such as running a graphical
system configuration tool). It disappears when the
authentication times out.
The
Printer Notification Icon
allows you to manage your print jobs. Click on the icon to view
running print jobs, and cancel jobs by right-clicking on the job
and selecting
Cancel.
If you cannot see any of the notification
icons, then the notification area was removed from the desktop panel.
To add the it back to your panel, right-click on the panel and choose
Add to Panel => Utility =>
Notification Area.
To make the panel fit your needs, you may want to add more applets
and launcher icons.
To add an applet to the panel, right-click in an unused area on the panel, select Add to Panel, and choose from the various types of applets. When you select an applet, it will appear on your panel.
To add a launcher icon to the panel, right-click in an unused area on
the panel and select
Add to Panel =>
Launcher.... This will launch a dialog box
that allows you to enter the name of the application, the location and
name of the command that starts the application (such as
/usr/bin/foo), and even choose an icon for the
application. Click
OK and the new launcher icon
will appear on the panel.
Another quick and easy way to add a launcher to the panel is to
right-click on an unused area of the panel and choose
Add to Panel => Launcher
from menu. Then select an application that appears in
the menu. This will automatically add a launcher icon based on the
properties of the item in the
Main Menu.
You can hide the panel automatically or manually, place it on any edge
of your desktop, change its size and color, and change the way it
behaves. To alter the default panel settings, right-click in an unused
area of the panel and select
Properties. You can set the size of the
panel, its position on the desktop, and whether you want the panel to
be automatically hidden (
Autohide) when not in
use. If you choose to autohide the panel, it will not appear on the
desktop until you move your mouse pointer over the panel area (called
hovering).
Start Here was designed to hold all of the tools
and applications you need to access when using your system. From your
favorite applications to system and configuration tools, the
Start Here window provides a central location for
using and customizing your system.
You can access the
Start Here screen at any time by
double-clicking on the desktop icon labeled
Start
Here.
The
Start Here screen includes icons that allow you
to access your favorite applications, desktop preferences,
Main Menu items, server configuration tools, and
system settings.
You can add your favorite locations to the
Bookmarks. Navigate to the location you want to
bookmark, and then select
Bookmarks =>
Add Bookmark.
From the
Start Here screen, you can select the
Preferences icon to configure your desktop, which
presents you with a wide selection of configuration options. The
following lists some of the options and tools in each area.
You can configure your background with new colors or a new
image.
In this section you can configure the system sounds
associated with various functions. For example, to play a sound
when you log in to your desktop, you can configure it.
You can configure shortcuts —
pressing a combination of keystrokes on the keyboard — to
perform actions within an application or on your desktop. For
example, you can configure a shortcut to move from your current
Workspace to Workspace 2 by pressing
One way to dramatically alter the appearance of your graphical
desktop is to change the background using the
Background Preferences tool. You can
choose from several background images included with Red Hat Linux in the
/usr/share/backgrounds/ directory, or you can
use your own image. To start the
Background
Preferences tool, right-click on the desktop and
choose
Change Desktop Background from the
menu. You can also double-click the
Start Here
icon, select
Preferences, and finally select
Background.
The Background Preferences tool
allows you to load a new background from a directory of provided
images (
/usr/share/backgrounds/images/). You
can also drag an image into the window from your own image
directory. There are several additional options for displaying your
background image. The
Wallpaper option displays
multiple instances of your image across the desktop, which is useful
if you use a small image or if you use a tile
(or pattern) image from
/usr/share/backgrounds/tiles/ or from your own
image collection. The
Centered option places
your image in the center of the desktop, leaving the default
background colors to fill in any remaining desktop space. To fill
the desktop with an image without tiling it, use the
Scaled or Stretched
options.
If you want to create a background with your own custom colors
and no images, choose the
No Picture option and
adjust your colors using the
Background Style
options. Choose your own
Top Color and
Bottom Color and the color
gradient (or the blending of colors). Click
Close to save and exit the
Background Preferences tool.
The
Start Here screen in
Nautilus contains additional configuration
tools that help you with your new Red Hat Linux system and the server
applications included.
The
System Settings icon includes tools that help
you set up your system for personal everyday use. The following lists
some of the tools included in
System Settings and
what you can do with them.
This tool allows you to set the date and time of your
machine. You will be able to set your time zone information as
well.
The
Sound Card Configuration Tool tool
probes your machine for available sound devices.
The
User Manager tool
allows you to add and remove users from your system.
The
Printer Configuration Tool allows you to
add a new printer to your system. The printer may be connected
to your machine or available on a network.
You may also find server configuration tools in the
Start
Here area, depending on which install type you specified
during installation. These tools help you configure services and
applications you are using on the local machine to serve other
machines. The server configuration tools are found by clicking on the
System Settings icon and then the Server
Settings icon. A few examples of the tools found in this
area are the
HTTP Configuration Tool and the
Bind Configuration Tool. You must have those server
applications installed before these tools appear in this section.
The CD-ROM format is a popular medium to deliver typically large software applications as well as multimedia games and presentations. Most of the software that can be purchased from retail outlets come in the form of CD-ROMs. This section shows you how to use CD-ROMs on your Red Hat Linux system.
By default, CDs are automatically mounted and the file manager is
displayed allowing you to explore the contents of the CD.
A CD desktop icon
eject your CD-ROM after use. Right-click on the icon to view all of
the available choices. For example, to unmount and eject the CD-ROM,
choose
Eject from the menu.
You can also manually mount and unmount your CD-ROMs from a shell
prompt. Insert a CD into your CD-ROM drive, open a shell prompt, and
type the following command:
The CD-ROM should now be mounted and available for use with your
file manager. You can access your CD-ROM by clicking the home icon on
the desktop and typing
/mnt/cdrom in the location
bar.
After working with your CD, unmount it before you can eject
it from your CD-ROM drive. Close any applications or file managers that
are using the CD-ROM and type the following command at a shell
prompt:
You can now safely press the eject button on your CD-ROM drive to
retrieve your CD.
CD-writable (CD-R) drives have grown in popularity as an inexpensive
way to backup and archive several megabytes of data, including
applications, personal files, and even multimedia (audio/video and still
image) presentations. Red Hat Linux includes several tools for using CD-Rs and
CD-rewritable (CD-RW) drives.
If you want to perform a quick file or directory backup to a CD-R
or CD-RW, there is a tool included in the
Nautilus file manager called
CD Creator.
CD
Creator allows you to drag and drop files from a
Nautilus window to the CD
Creator interface. To access the
CD
Creator feature in
Nautilus,
insert a blank CD-R(W) into your drive and the
CD
Creator window will automatically display. You can also
double click your home directory icon from the desktop and choose
Go => CD Creator from
the window menus. You can also type
burn: in
the
Location bar to start CD
Creator.
Open a new
Nautilus window and select
the files or directories you want to write to CD-R(W). To select
multiple files, press and hold the When you are ready to write the files to your CD-R(W), click the
Write to CD button in the CD
Creator window, which displays a dialog box where you
can select the writing speed, name the CD, and choose other
options.
Click the Write files to CD button to
start burning. A status window displays the writing progress.
By default, the CD-R(W) should automatically eject from your drive
when it is finished. Since it is generally recommended to periodically
backup personal files, the
CD Creator can
help you do so quickly.
X-CD-Roast is a graphical application for duplicating and creating (also known as mastering) CD-ROMs. X-CD-Roast automates the process of burning CD-Rs and CD-RWs and is highly configurable to many CD mastering or duplicating needs.
To start X-CD-Roast choose Main Menu => System Tools => CD Writer. To start it at a shell prompt, type /usr/bin/xcdroast. X-CD-Roast first scans your device busses and find your CD-R(W) drive. It then allows you to configure settings for CD-writer, CD-ROM drive, and more.
Check your CD-R(W) manufacturer documentation to set some of the
CD Settings options, such as CD Writer
Speed and
CD Writer FIFO-Buffer
Size. All CD image (
.iso or
.img) files need to be stored in a central
location accessible to
X-CD-Roast. You must
specify a path on your hard drive's file system that has at least 700
Megabytes (MB) of free space available. You can configure the path
where you wish to store CD images in the
HD
Settings tab under
Path.
X-CD-Roast is well-documented within
the interface itself, as several of the options have long, descriptive
pop-up tips that informs you of the associated function in detail. You
can access these tooltips by leaving your mouse
pointer on a button or drop-down menu for at least two
seconds.
To duplicate an existing CD-ROM for backup purposes, click the
Duplicate CD button in the main panel. You
can read all of the tracks on a CD —
all CD-ROM information, including data and audio, is stored on
tracks — by clicking
Read CD. You can
set the speed at which you read a CD-ROM as well as find out some
information about the CD-ROM track such as its type and size. If you
are copying tracks from an audio CD, you can preview each track with
Play Audio-Tracks. Since
X-CD-Roast reads all tracks of a CD-ROM
by default, you can delete unwanted tracks with
Delete
Tracks.
Finally, to burn your tracks onto CD-R(W) media, choose
Write CD.
Click the Write CD button to start the burning process.
It is always recommended to backup personal data and information
often in case of hardware failure or file system
corruption.
X-CD-Roast allows you to
backup files on your hard drive partition using
Create
CD. This facility allows you to add files and
directories into a CD session using
Master Tracks. There are other options within
the
Master Tracks dialog that allows you to
configure advanced settings; however, the defaults are set correctly
to create data CD-ROMs, so no further configuration is
necessary.
Highlight the files and directories that you wish to add to the
session and click
Add. After you have added
all files and directories you want to write to the CD-R(W), click
the
Create session/image tab to create the
.img file. You must first click
Calculate size, then click Master
to image file to create the image.
To write your tracks to the CD-R(W), click
Write
Tracks from the panel on the left. In the
Layout Tracks tab, highlight the image file
you created in the box on the right, and click
Add. The image displays in the
Tracks to write box on the left side. Click
Accept track layout, and click the
Write Tracks tab to return to the main
writing dialog. Click
Write tracks to write
the image to the CD-R(W).
You can also create and write the image to the CD-R(W) in
one step by clicking
Master and write
on-the-fly in the
Create session
image tab. This saves a few steps but can sometimes
cause read-write errors. It is recommended that you use the
multi-step method instead of the on-the-fly methods.
Large files that end in
.iso are known as
ISO9660 (or ISO) image files. For example,
Red Hat Linux is freely available as ISO images that you can download and
write to the CD-R(W). There are also other ISO image files available
on FTP and websites. There are other file types that can be burned
as images, such as
.img and
.raw, but ISO images are the most common CD
image format.
To write an ISO image file to a CD-R(W) with
X-CD-Roast, move the ISO file to the path
specified during setup, then click
Create
CD. In the
Layout tracks tab,
highlight the ISO image file you wish to burn and click
Add, then Accept track
layout. This automatically loads the
Write
Tracks tab, where you can click
Write
Tracks to burn the image to the CD-R(W).
If you want to use a shell prompt to write images to CD-R or
CD-RWs, there are two utilities available:
mkisofs
and
cdrecord. These utilities have several advanced
options that are beyond the scope of this guide; however, for basic
image creation and writing, these tools save some time over the
graphical alternatives such as
X-CD-Roast.
The
mkisofs utility creates ISO9660 image
files that can be written to a CD-R(W). The images created by
mkisofs can include all types of files. It is
most useful for archival and file backup purposes.
Suppose you wish to backup a directory called
/home/joeuser/, but exclude the subdirectory
/home/joeuser/junk/ because it contains
unnecessary files. You want to create an ISO image called
backup.iso and write it to CD-R(W) so that you
can use it on your Red Hat Linux PC at work and your Windows laptop for
trips. This can be done with
mkisofs by running
the following command:
The image is created in the same directory that you ran the
command.
You can now use the ISO image file with either
X-CD-Roast as described in
Section 4.3.2.3 Writing ISOs with
X-CD-Roast, or using
cdrecord, the command line based CD recording
utility.
The
cdrecord utility writes audio, data, and
mixed-mode (a combination of audio, video,
and/or data) CD-ROMs using options to configure several aspects of
the write process, including speed, device, and data
settings.
To use
cdrecord, first establish the
device address of your CD-R(W) device by running the following
command as root at a shell prompt:
This command shows all CD-R(W) devices on your computer. It is
important to remember the device address of the device used to write
your CD. The following is an example output from running
cdrecord -scanbus.
To write the backup file image created with
mkisofs in the previous section, switch to the
root user and type the following at a shell prompt:
The command sets the write speed (4), the device address
(0,3,0), and sets write output (verbose
[-v]), which is useful for tracking the status of the write
process. The
-eject argument ejects the
CD-ROM after the write process is complete. The same command can
also be used for burning ISO image files downloaded from the
Internet, such as Red Hat Linux ISO images.
You can use
cdrecord to blank CD-RW discs for
reuse by typing the following:
A PDF (Portable Document Format) file is an electronic image of a
document. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop
publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents
and have them appear on the recipient's monitor or printer as they were
intended. To view a PDF have a PDF reader.
An open source application called
xpdf is
included with Red Hat Linux. The
xpdf toolbar at the
bottom has navigational tools that let you move backward and forward
through the PDF document, as well as standard zoom, print, and find
tools. The
xpdf man page provides useful
information on the
xpdf options. To view the
xpdf man page, at a shell prompt type
man xpdf.
To view a PDF with xpdf: Another popular PDF viewer is
Adobe Acrobat
Reader. While it is not included with Red Hat Linux, you can
download it free of charge at
http://www.adobe.com/.
Red Hat Linux includes several text editors,
applications that allow you to view and modify plain
text files. Plain text files are files that contain text
without any font or style formatting applied to it, such as system logs
and configuration files.
gedit is a graphical text editor. It can
open, edit, and save plain text files. You can also cut and paste text
to and from other graphical desktop applications, create new text files,
and print files.
gedit has a clear and
understandable interface that uses tabs so that you can open more than
one file at the same time without opening more than one
gedit window.
To start
gedit, click Main
Menu =>
Accessories => Text
Editor. You can also start
gedit by typing
gedit at a
shell prompt.
gedit can only be used in a graphical
desktop environment.
Once gedit is running, you are presented with a blank editing area. You can begin using
gedit immediately or click the Open button to locate the plain text file you want to edit. The file will load into the main editing area. You can navigate the text file by clicking and holding the scroll bar on the right edge of the window and moving your mouse cursor up and down; or, use the arrow keys to navigate through the text file line-by-line. Press the
gedit allows you to open multiple text
files in one window using separate tabs for each file. If you have a
file already open and want to copy text from another file, click
Open, choose the file you want to access, and
the file will open in a new tab within the
gedit window. You can navigate between each
file by clicking on the the tab associated with the particular
filename.
Once you have modified or written your text file, you can save it by
pressing the
Save button in the toolbar, or by
choosing
File => Save from
the file menus. If you are writing a new text file, a pop-up window will
prompt you to name the file and save it in the directory of your
choice. If you are editing an existing file, then any changes you make
will automatically appear in the file the next time you open it. You can
also choose
File => Save
As... to save an existing file under a new name or in a
different location, which is convenient if, for example, you are editing
a configuration file and you want to test your changes without losing
your original configuration.
If you are not using a graphical desktop and want to read and
modify a text or configuration file, Red Hat Linux includes the
vi (pronounced
vee-eye) text
editor.
vi is a simple application that
opens within the shell prompt and allows you to view, search, and
modify text files. To start
vi, type
vi at a shell prompt. To open a file with
vi type
vi
<
filename> at a shell prompt.
By default, vi opens a file in
Normal mode, meaning that you can view and run
built-in commands on the file but you cannot add text to it. To add
text, press To exit
vi, press More information about using
vi can be
found by typing
man vi at a shell prompt.
If you chose a custom installation of Red Hat Linux, your system may have the KMail email client. KMail is an email tool for KDE, the K Desktop Environment. It has an intuitive graphical interface similar to Evolution that makes sending and receiving email simpler. To open KMail, click on the Main Menu => Extras => Internet => KMail.
Before you can really use
KMail,
configure it so it can send and receive mail. To run the configuration
tool, select
Settings from the
KMail toobar, and click on
Configure KMail.
The
Configure Mail Client window consists of
seven sections:
Identity,
Network, Appearance,
Composer, Security, and
Miscellaneous. To begin sending and receiving
messages you will only have to change the settings in the
Identity and Network
tabs. Have your email information from your service provider or
administrator handy so that you can fill in the required information to
begin using
KMail. For additional
information,
http://kmail.kde.org.
Once you have your email settings configured, you can begin sending
and receiving email. The folders on the left side of the
KMail screen allow you to view emails you have
received, emails ready to be sent, emails you have sent, and more.
To compose a mail, click on the new message icon in the tool bar:
Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to
send the email to, click
Send in the toolbar:
This section briefly covers the basic steps for sending and
receiving email with
Mozilla. If you need
further information about using
Mozilla Mail,
the
Mozilla Help
contents are located under
Help on the main
menu.
To start
Mozilla Mail, select
Main Menu => Extras
Internet => Mozilla Mail.
To open
Mozilla Mail while in
Mozilla, click on the mail icon near the
lower left corner of the
Mozilla
screen.
Mozilla Mail New Email Message Screen To send an email, click on the Send button or
go to
File => Send Now or
Send Later. If you choose to send later, you can go
back to the main mail screen and go to
File =>
Send unsent messages.
To read email, click on the mail folder you created for yourself to
see a list of messages waiting for you. Then, click on the message you
want to read.
Once you read a message, you can delete it, save it to a separate
folder, and more.
Newsgroups are Internet discussion groups with specific
topics. The discussions are in threaded format (which means all topics
and responses to the topic are sorted and organized for convenient
reading) and subscribing to a group is very easy. You do not have to
post messages if you do not want to; you can just
lurk, which is a Newsgroup term for reading
without posting messages. There are a great many newsgroups on the Web
with topics ranging from politics to computer games to random strange
thoughts. You can even post and download pictures and files to
Newsgroups (although your ISP may restrict Newsgroups to text-based
postings only).
To join a newsgroup, you first need to set up a newsgroup
account. Click on your mail account name in the sidebar and select
Create a new account from the options that appear
on the right of the screen. The
New Account Setup
screen will appear. Select
Newsgroup account and
then click
Next.
Enter your name and email address on the next screen and click
Next. On the following screen, enter the name
of your news server (if you do not know the name of your news server,
contact your Internet service provider or network administrator for
this information). On the last few screens, you can determine the name
that this account will be referred to and review your settings.
The newsgroup account you created will appear in the sidebar of
the
Mozilla mail screen. Right-click on
this account name and select
Subscribe. A dialog
box appears, listing all the newsgroups available. Select the groups
you are interested in reading and click
Subscribe. When you are done, click on
OK.
Now, click on the arrow next to the newsgroup account name
and the list of groups you are subscribed to will appear beneath. Select
the newsgroup you want to access and a dialog box appears with information
about downloading and reading existing messages. Posting to
a newsgroup is just like writing an email, except that the newsgroup name
appears in the
To field rather than an email address.
To unsubscribe from a newsgroup, right-click on the group name and select
Unsubscribe.
Most modern email clients allow the user to select whether they want
to send their emails in plain text or in
HTML. The advantage of HTML formatted email is that they can contain
graphics and interactive links to Web sites. The particular font can be
specified, the layout is very controllable, textures, and pictures or
backgrounds can be added; all this makes for a visually appealing
message when it gets to the recipient.
On the other hand, plain text email is just that — plain text.
They is nothing fancy, there are no pictures embedded in the email, and
there are no special fonts. Plain text emails are simple.
The term plain text refers to textual data in ASCII format. Plain
text (also called clear text) is the most
portable format because it is supported by nearly every email
application on various types of machines.
This chapter will discuss the
mutt plain
text email client.
Mutt is a small but very powerful text-based
mail client for UNIX operating systems.
Mutt's configuration file,
~/.muttrc. gives
mutt
its flexibility and configurability. It is also this file that might
give new users problems. The number of options that
mutt has available to it are truly
astounding.
mutt allows the user to control
nearly all of the functions that
mutt uses
to send, receive, and read your mail. As is true with all powerful
software, it takes time to understand the features and what they can
do for you.
Most of the options are invoked using the
set
or
unset commands, with either boolean or string
values, e.g.
set folder = ~/Mail.
All configuration options can be changed at any time by typing a
If you cannot remember the command you want to use, there is always
tab-completion to help you.
You do not have to type all your preferred configuration commands
each time you run
mutt, you can save them in a file
which is loaded every time the program starts up. This configuration
file must exist in your home directory, it has to be named either
~/.muttrc or ~/.mutt/muttrc.
When you launch mutt, the first thing you see is a screen with a list of email
messages. This initial menu is called the index.
These messages are in a default mail folder, often called the mailspool, that you can think of as your inbox. Use the In the index or pager views, use the After editing your email, Mutt displays the compose menu, where you can customize your message headers, change the encoding, add file attachments or simply press the If, for some reason, you do not hear sound and know that you do have a
sound card installed, you can run the
Sound Card Configuration Tool
utility.
To use the
Sound Card Configuration Tool, choose
Main Menu => System
Settings =>
Soundcard
Detection. A small text box pops up prompting you for your
root password.
Most sound cards are supported by Red Hat Linux, but
there are some sound cards that are not completely compatible or may not
work at all. If you are having trouble configuring your sound card,
check the Hardware Compatibility List at
http://hardware.redhat.com/ to
see if your card is supported.
The
Sound Card Configuration Tool utility probes
your system for sound cards. If the utility detects a plug and play sound
card, it will automatically try to configure the correct settings for your
card. You can then click the
Play test sound button
to play a sound sample. If you can hear the sample, select
OK and your sound card
configuration is complete.
If the
Sound Card Configuration Tool does not
work (if the sample does not play and you still do not have audio
sounds), there are alternatives, although they are not quite as simple
as running the
Sound Card Configuration Tool. You can edit your
modules.conf file as discussed below (this
strategy is not recommended for most new users).
If your sound card is not a plug and play card, you can manually edit
your
/etc/modules.conf file to include the sound
card module that it should use. For example:
It has become more and more popular to play digital movie files,
such as Video Compact Discs (VCDs), Digital Versatile (or Video) disks
(DVD), and streaming video from the Web. Red Hat Linux offers a tool called
Xine that can play several digital video file
formats on your graphical desktop.
Xine uses a
panel that lets you open files and media, control volume, create
playlists, take screenshots of the video stills, and more.
To start Xine, click Main
Menu =>
Extras => Sound &
Video =>
Video Player; or, you can start
it by typing
xine at a shell prompt.
To play a movie on disc, choose either
VCD or
DVD on the bottom of the panel. This should
automatically mount and load your video disk for viewing by pressing the
Play button.
To play a video file that you have downloaded from the Internet, choose
the
MRL browser on the left side of the panel. This
will pop up a file browser that allows you to choose the video from a
listing of your home directory. Choose the file and press the
Play button. You can close the MRL browser by
clicking
Dismiss.
By default,
Xine will play a file in a
window on your desktop. To play a file full screen (where the video
fills your desktop screen), click the
Fullscreen/Window
Mode button next to the
Quit button
at the top-right side of the panel. Right-click anywhere on the screen
to hide the panel. When you are finished viewing the video, right-click
again to show the panel and press the
Quit button
to quit
Xine.
While this chapter covers several applications briefly, there is so
much more you can do with them. Refer to the following resources if you
are interested in learning more about the applications in this chapter.
Some applications discussed have online documentation included
with the package, accessible right from your PC.
The
GIMP manual page contains some
of the more advanced command line options and environment
variables associated with it. You can read the manual page by
typing
man gimp at a shell or terminal
prompt. The
GIMP also has a help
browser accessible by choosing
Help =>
Help... from the
GIMP toolbar menu.
The Web has several sites of interest if you are looking for more
detailed information about an application covered in this chapter:
The GNU Image Manipulation Program ( GIMP) is a powerful tool that can be used to create, alter, manipulate, and enhance digital image files — photographs, scanned images, computer-generated images, and more. This section offers a quick overview of the GIMP and refers you to comprehensive references for learning more about it.
To use the GIMP, you will need to know some of the basics. From a shell prompt, you start the GIMP using the command gimp, or you can start the GIMP from the desktop by choosing Main Menu => Graphics => The GIMP.
To load an existing file, select File => Open. You will see the Load Image dialog.
The Load Image dialog displays your working
directory — the directory you were in when the
GIMP was launched. You can navigate up and
down the file system tree by double-clicking on the
Directories list on the left, then selecting a
file to open from the
Files list on the right.
File name completion is supported by the
GIMP. If you type the first letter (or
more) of a file name into the
Selection field and
press the The file you select appears in the
Selection
field near the bottom of the dialog. A thumbnail preview is displayed
in the dialog; alternatively, a
Generate Preview
button is displayed. If you want to see a thumbnail of the image,
click on the
Generate Preview button.
Once you have selected a file, click on the
OK
button to open it. You can also double-click on a file name to open it.
To save an image file, right click on the image and choose
File => Save (or
Save as). You will see the Save
Image dialog if you choose
Save
as or if you choose
Save and
the file has not been saved before.
The
Save Image dialog looks almost exactly like
the
Load Image dialog and navigation of the
file system tree and choosing files works in the same way.
When you are saving an image, choose an image format.
The
GIMP supports a wide variety of image
formats, including
.gif,
.png, .jpg, and
.bmp.
Like many applications, the
GIMP
provides more than one method to accomplish tasks. The easiest way to
work with images is to right-click the image, which displays a set
of menus containing most of the
GIMP's many
capabilities, including image sizing, rotation, and filter
application.
For example, imagine you have a picture that you would like to
modify to make it look as if it were clipped from a newspaper. To do
this, right-click on the image and select
Filters =>
Distorts =>
Newsprint.... Select the quantity of lines
per inch using the sliders. When you reach a desired quantity and are
ready to render the image, click
OK. The
GIMP then renders the image with the
new effect applied.
The Toolbox also has several easily
accessible functions. Using the
Toolbox, you can
add text to images, erase regions of an image, or even fill selected
regions with the color of your choice.
For example, if you wish to add text to a file, select the Text Tool dialog box, where you can choose a font and type some text in the provided text box. Click OK and your text is displayed as a floating section on the image. You can then move the text to the position you wish using the
Move Layers tool.
As you can see, the GIMP is a powerful
image editing tool, and it takes some time to master all of its
functions. Try exploring some of the options yourself. If you make a
mistake, do not worry. You can always undo your mistakes by
right-clicking on the image and choosing
Edit =>
Undo.
You can also use the Konqueror file manager to view images. If you chose KDE as your default desktop environment, click on your home directory desktop icon to access the Konqueror file manager:
Using Konqueror as an image browser works similarly to Nautilus. Image files automatically generate thumbnail image icons for you to preview within the file browser window. When you double-click on a thumbnail icon, the browser displays the image in its native size.
Figure A-12. Viewing an Image in Konqueror
To zoom in and out of an image, you first need to change the way
Konqueror renders the image. From the window
menu, choose
View => View
Mode =>
Image Viewer Part. This
will re-display the image and allow you to rotate and zoom in on the
image using the two magnifying glass icons or the magnification
percentage drop-down menu on the toolbar.
Figure A-13. Image viewing configuration on the
Konqueror Toolbar
You can also open the image with more advanced image viewers, as
well as with
The GIMP. Right-click on the
image, choose
Open With..., then
Other.... A pop-up menu will appear
allowing you to open the application you wish to use. To launch the
GIMP, choose
Graphics and scroll down the list of
applications. Click on the
GIMP icon and
click
OK, as seen in
Figure A-14.
Figure A-14. The Open With... Dialog Box
When you read this manual, you will see that certain words are represented
in different fonts, typefaces, sizes, and weights. This highlighting is
systematic; different words are represented in the same style to
indicate their inclusion in a specific category. The types of words
that are represented this way include the following:
Linux commands (and other operating system commands, when used)
are represented this way. This style should indicate to you that
you can type the word or phrase on the command line and press
Use the
cat testfile command to view the
contents of a file, named
testfile, in the
current working directory.
Filenames, directory names, paths, and RPM package names are
represented this way. This style should indicate that a
particular file or directory exists by that name on your Red Hat Linux
system. Examples:
The
.bashrc file in your home directory
contains bash shell definitions and aliases for your own use.
The
/etc/fstab file contains information
about different system devices and filesystems.
Install the
webalizer RPM if you want to use
a Web server log file analysis program.
This style indicates that the program is an end-user application
(as opposed to system software). For example:
Use
Mozilla to browse
the Web.
A key on the keyboard is shown in this style. For example:
To use A combination of keystrokes is represented in this way. For
example:
The A title, word, or phrase found on a GUI interface screen or window
will be shown in this style. When you see text shown in this
style, it is being used to identify a particular GUI screen or an
element on a GUI screen (such as text associated with a checkbox or
field). Example:
Select the
Require Password checkbox if you
would like your screensaver to require a password before stopping.
When you see a word in this style, it indicates that the word is
the top level of a pulldown menu. If you click on the word on
the GUI screen, the rest of the menu should appear. For example:
Under
File on a GNOME terminal, you will see the
New Tab option that allows you to open
multiple shell prompts in the same window.
If you need to type in a sequence of commands from a GUI menu,
they will be shown like the following example:
Go to
Main Menu Button (on the Panel) =>
Programming => Emacs
to start the
Emacs text editor.
This style indicates that the text will be found on a clickable
button on a GUI screen. For example:
Click on the
Back button to return to the
webpage you last viewed.
When you see text in this style, it indicates text displayed by
the computer on the command line. You will see responses to
commands you typed in, error messages, and interactive prompts
for your input during scripts or programs shown this way. For
example:
Use the
ls command to display the contents of a
directory:
The output returned in response to the command (in this case, the
contents of the directory) is shown in this style.
A prompt, which is a computer's way of signifying that it is ready
for you to input something, will be shown in this style.
Examples:
$
#
[stephen@maturin stephen]$
leopard login:
Text that the user has to type, either on the command line, or
into a text box on a GUI screen, is displayed in this style. In
the following example,
text is displayed in
this style:
To boot your system into the text based installation
program, you will need to type in the
text command
at the
boot: prompt.
Additionally, we use several different strategies to draw your attention to
certain pieces of information. In order of how critical the information is
to your system, these items will be marked as note, tip, important, caution,
or a warning. For example:
Remember that Linux is case sensitive. In other words, a rose is not
a ROSE is not a rOsE.
The directory
/usr/share/doc contains additional
documentation for packages installed on your system.
If you modify the DHCP configuration file, the changes will not take
effect until you restart the DHCP daemon.
Do not perform routine tasks as root — use a regular user account
unless you need to use the root account for system administration tasks.
If you choose not to partition manually, a server installation
will remove all existing partitions on all installed hard drives.
Do not choose this installation class unless you are sure you have no
data you need to save.
Copying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window
System. To copy text, simply click and drag your mouse over the text to
highlight it. To paste the text somewhere, click the middle mouse
button in the spot where the text should be placed.
KDE allows you to configure the desktop and your system to suit your needs. The KDE Control Center, available by selecting Main Menu => Control Center, lets you customize the look and behavior of the desktop. The following list explains some of the configuration options in detail.
This section lets you configure the
Konqueror file manager and customize
certain file operations. You can also associate files to
applications that you prefer (for example, assigning all digital
music files to open in
XMMS instead of
the default player).
This sections allows you to customize the visual aspect of
your desktop environment. You can customize background images and
configure fonts, themes, icons, panel elements, screensavers, and
window border appearance. You can also customize mouse and keyboard
events which makes working with the desktop as efficient for your
needs as possible.
This section allows you to set country and language options to
your particular locale. For users with sight or hearing impairments,
you can also configure accessibility features such as audible and
visual cues and keyboard/mouse customization.
This section is an advanced system configuration
interface. You will need your root password to configure most of
these options. This section allows you to configure system boot
settings, Linux kernel configuration, login management, and more. It
is strongly recommended that you leave these
settings at their default values unless you understand the
consequences of changing them.
This section allows you to configure the
Konqueror Web browser. You can configure
options such as cache sizes, website cookies, plugins, proxy
settings (if available), and enhanced browsing using keyword
shortcuts.
By default, KDE provides four desktops that you can use to display multiple applications without having to crowd all of them onto one desktop. Each desktop can hold icons, open applications, and be individually customized.
For example, while you are writing a message in Evolution on desktop one, you can have Mozilla browsing the Web on desktop two, the OpenOffice.org Writer word processor open on desktop three, and so on.
You can change the number and names of desktops available in KDE by making these adjustments:
You can change the names of your desktops (from Desktop 1, Desktop 2, etc.) by deleting the default names and typing a new name in each desktop's corresponding text box.
You can also change the number of desktops available to you by adjusting the slider in the Number of Desktops. For more desktops, drag the bar to the right; for fewer desktops, drag the bar to the left.
The Appearance, Behavior, and Paths, and Background icons are where you can make various desktop configuration changes. For example, to customize each virtual desktop to have different backgrounds, click the Background icon, uncheck the Common Background checkbox, click the virtual desktop you want to change, and choose the color or image you want to make your background using the associated tabs.
After you make any adjustments to your desktop configuration,
click
Apply to save the changes. Click
OK to close the desktop configuration tool.
Buttons for your desktops appear on the panel in the
Desktop Pager. Click on a tile to move to
a different desktop.
You can use the keyboard combination of the
The taskbar displays all running applications, both minimized
and displayed, on all desktops.
You can maximize running applications or bring them to the front
of your working windows by clicking on the associated item on the
taskbar.
Another way to bring minimized or background windows to the
front is to use the To further customize the panel for your particular needs, you can
include additional launcher icons to start applications without using
the main menu or
Start Here.
To add a new launcher to the panel, right-click the panel and
choose
Add => Application
Button and choose the application or resource you wish
to add to the panel. This automatically adds an icon on the
panel. You can move the icon anywhere you want on the panel by
right-clicking the icon and choosing
Move
Application Button, where
Application is the name of the
application associated with the icon.
You can hide the panel automatically or manually, place it on any edge
of your desktop, change its size and color, and change the way it
behaves. To alter the default panel settings, right-click the panel
and choose
Configure Panel. The
Settings window will appear, allowing you to
adjust all panel settings, or any one of the specific properties
(
Arrangement,
Hiding, Menus,
and so on). Choose the
Hiding tab, click
Hide automatically, and adjust the number of
seconds to elapse before the panel is hidden. Click
Apply then OK to close
the
Settings dialog. The panel will remain hidden
until you hover over the panel area to make it reappear.
KMail is an email tool for KDE. It has an
intuitive graphical interface similar to
Evolution that allows you to send and receive
email using a graphical interface. To open
KMail, click on the Main
Menu =>
Internet => More Internet
Applications =>
KMail.
Before you can really use
KMail,
configure it so it can send and receive mail. To run the configuration
tool, select
Settings from the
KMail toolbar, and click on
Configure KMail.
The
Configure Mail Client window consists of
the following sections:
Identities,
Network, Appearance,
Composer, Security, and
Folders. To begin sending and receiving messages
you will have to change the settings in the
Identities and Network
tabs. Have your email information from your service provider or
administrator handy so that you can fill in the required information to
begin using
KMail. For additional
information, refer to the
KMail user manual
(
Help => KMail Handbook) or visit
KMail's homepage at
http://kmail.kde.org.
Once you have your email settings configured, you can begin sending
and receiving email. The folders on the left side of the
KMail screen allow you to view emails you have
received, emails ready to be sent, emails you have sent, and more.
To compose a mail, click on the new message icon in the tool bar:
Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to
send the email to, click
Send in the toolbar:
Konqueror is the file manager and a Web
browser for the KDE desktop.
Konqueror allows
you to configure your KDE desktop, configure your Red Hat Linux system, play
multimedia files, browse digital images, surf the Web, and more from one
interface. This section explains some of the ways
Konqueror can help you work with and enjoy
your Red Hat Linux system.
To start
Konqueror for file management, click
on your home directory icon
Konqueror will open up in a window on
your desktop, allowing you to navigate through your home directory and
throughout your Red Hat Linux file system. After exploring, you can return to your
home directory by clicking the
Home button on the
toolbar.
You can navigate through the file system by clicking on folders
within the main window frame or through the hierarchical file system
viewer on the navigation panel as
Files and folders in the main window frame
can be moved or copied to another folder or sent to the trash. You can
also delete files and folders by right-clicking on the item and choosing
Delete.
Konqueror also displays thumbnail icons
for text, images, PostScript/PDF files, and Web files. It can also
preview sounds from digital audio files.
Another useful feature of
Konqueror is
the navigation panel. This panel appears on the
left side of the
Konqueror file browser
window by default. The navigation panel makes many of your sytem
resources available to you in convenient tabbed icons.
The navigation panel lets you access your Web bookmarks, browsing
history, network resources, file system, and has a built-in media player
for playing multimedia files without having to open a separate
application. The navigation panel makes
Konqueror an efficient solution for users who
want fast and easy access to all of their files and information.
It does not take long before the thought of typing the same command
over and over becomes unappealing. One minor typing error can ruin lines
of a series of commands.
One solution is to use the command line history. By scrolling with
the Try it by taking a look again at
sneakers.txt
(created in
Section 13.9.1 Using Redirection. The first time,
however, at the shell prompt, type:
Nothing happens, of course, because there is no
sneakrs.txt file. No problem. Use the up-arrow key
to bring back the command, then use the left-arrow key to get to the
point where we missed the "e." Insert the letter and press
We now see the contents of
sneakers.txt.
By default, up to 500 commands can be stored in the
bash command line history file.
By typing the
env command at
a shell prompt, we can see the environment variable that controls the
size of the command line history. The line which reads,
HISTFILEsize=500 shows the number of
commands that
bash will store.
The command line history is actually kept in a file, called
.bash_history in your login directory. We can read
it in a number of ways: by using
vi,
cat, less,
more, and others.
Be aware that the file can be long. To read it with the
more command, from your home directory type:
To move forward a screen, press
To find a command in your history file without
having to keep hitting the arrow keys or page through the history file,
use
grep, a powerful search utility (see
Section 13.11.3 The grep Command. Here is how you can quickly find a
previously used command: say you are searching for a command that is
similar to
cat
sneak-
something. You have used the
command, and you think it might be in your history file. At the shell
prompt, type:
Another time-saving tool is known as command completion. If you type
part of a file, command, or pathname and then press the
For example, if you forget the command
updatedb, but
remember a portion of the command, you can
su to
root, then at the shell prompt, type
up, press the
Sometimes it is useful to store a group of files in one file so that
they can be backed up, easily transferred to another directory, or even
transferred to a different computer. It is also sometimes useful to
compress files into one file so that they use less disk space and
download faster via the Internet.
It is important to understand the distinction between an
archive file and a compressed
file. An archive file is a collection of files and
directories that are stored in one file. The archive file is not
compressed — it uses the same amount of disk space as all the
individual files and directories combined. A compressed file is a
collection of files and directories that are stored in one file
and stored in a way that uses less disk space than
all the individual files and directories combined. If you do not have
enough disk space on your computer, you can compress files that you do
not use very often or files that you want to save but do not use
anymore. You can even create an archive file and then compress it to
save disk space.
An archive file is not compressed, but a compressed file can be
an archive file.
Red Hat Linux includes a graphical utility called File Roller that can compress, decompress, and archive files and directories. File Roller supports common UNIX and Linux file compression and archiving formats and has a simple interface and extensive help documentation if you need it. It is also integrated into the desktop environment and graphical file manager to make working with archived files easier.
To start File Roller click Main Menu => Accessories => File Roller. You can also start File Roller from a shell prompt by typing file-roller.
If you are using a file manager (such as
Nautilus), you can double-click
the file you wish to unarchive or decompress to start
File Roller. The File
Roller browser window will appear with the
decompressed/unarchived file in a folder for you to extract or
browse.
To unarchive and/or decompress a file click the Open toolbar button. A file menu will pop up, allowing you to choose the archive you wish to work with. For example, if you have a file called foo.tar.gz located in your home directory, highlight the file and click OK. The file will appear in the main File Roller browser window as a folder, which you can navigate by double-clicking the folder icon. File Roller preserves all directory and subdirectory structures, which is convenient if you are looking for a particular file in the archive. You can extract individual files or entire archives by clicking the Extract button, choosing the directory you would like to save the unarchived files, and clicking OK.
If you need to free some hard drive space, or send multiple files or a directory of files to another user, File Roller allows you to create archives of your files and directories. To create a new archive, click New on the toolbar. A file browser will pop up, allowing you to specify an archive name and the compression technique. For example, you may choose a Tar Compressed wity gzip (tar.gz) format from the drop-down menu and type the name of the archive file you want to create. Click OK and your new archive is now ready to be filled with files and directories. To add files to your new archive, click Add, which will pop up a browser window ) that you can navigate to find the file or directory you want to be in the archive. Click OK when you are finished, and click Close to close the archive.
Compressed files use less disk space and download faster than
large, uncompressed files. In Red Hat Linux you can compress files with the
compression tools
gzip, bzip2,
or
zip.
The
bzip2 compression tool is recommended
because it provides the most compression and is found on most UNIX-like
operating systems. The
gzip compression tool can
also be found on most UNIX-like operating systems. If you need to
transfer files between Linux and other operating system such as MS
Windows, you should use
zip because it is more
compatible with the compression utilities on Windows.
By convention, files compressed with
gzip are
given the extension
.gz, files compressed with
bzip2 are given the extension
.bz2, and files compressed with
zip are given the extension
.zip.
Files compressed with
gzip are uncompressed
with
gunzip, files compressed with
bzip2 are uncompressed with
bunzip2, and files compressed with
zip are uncompressed with unzip.
To use
bzip2 to compress a file, type the
following command at a shell prompt:
The file will be compressed and saved as
filename.bz2.
To expand the compressed file, type the following
command:
The
filename.bz2 is deleted and replaced
with
filename.
You can use
bzip2 to compress multiple files
and directories at the same time by listing them with a space
between each one:
The above command compresses
file1,
file2, file3, and the
contents of the
/usr/work/school directory
(assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named
filename.bz2.
To use
gzip to compress a file, type the
following command at a shell prompt:
The file will be compressed and saved as
filename.gz.
To expand the compressed file, type the following command:
The
filename.gz is deleted and replaced
with
filename.
You can use
gzip to compress multiple files
and directories at the same time by listing them with a space
between each one:
The above command compresses
file1,
file2, file3, and the
contents of the
/usr/work/school directory
(assuming this directory exists) and
places them in a file named
filename.gz.
To compress a file with
zip, type the
following command:
In this example,
filename.zip represents the
file you are creating and
filesdir represents the
directory you want to put in the new zip file. The
-r
option specifies that you want to include all files contained in the
filesdir directory
recursively.
To extract the contents of a
zip file, type
the following command:
You can use
zip to compress multiple files
and directories at the same time by listing them with a space
between each one:
The above command compresses
file1,
file2, file3, and the
contents of the
/usr/work/school directory
(assuming this directory exists) and places them in a file named
filename.zip.
A
tar file is a collection of several files
and/or directories in one file. This is a good way to create backups
and archives.
Some of the options used with the
tar are:
To create a tar file, type:
In this example,
filename.tar represents the
file you are creating and
directory/file
represents the directory and file you want to put in the archived
file.
You can
tar multiple files and directories at
the same time by listing them with a space between each one:
The above command places all the files in the
work and the school
subdirectories of
/home/mine in a new file called
filename.tar in the current directory.
To list the contents of a tar file, type:
To extract the contents of a tar file, type:
This command does not remove the
tar file, but
it places copies of its unarchived contents in the current working
directory, preserving any directory structure that the archive file
used. For example, if the tarfile contains a file called
bar.txt within a directory called
foo/, then extracting the archive file will
result in the creation of the directory
foo/ in
your current working directory with the file
bar.txt inside of it.
Remember, the
tar command does not compress the
files by default. To create a tarred and bzipped compressed file, use the
-j option:
tar files compressed with
bzip2 are conventionally given the extension
.tbz; however, sometimes users archive their
files using the
tar.bz2 extension.
The above command creates an archive file and then compresses it
as the file
filename.tbz. If you uncompress the
filename.tbz file with the
bunzip2 command, the
filename.tbz file is removed and replaced with
filename.tar.
You can also expand and unarchive a
bzip
tar file in one command:
To create a tarred and gzipped compressed file, use the
-z option:
tar files compressed with
gzip are conventionally given the extension
.tgz.
This command creates the archive file
filename.tar and then compresses it as the file
filename.tgz. (The file
filename.tar is not saved.) If you uncompress the
filename.tgz file with the
gunzip command, the
filename.tgz file is removed and replaced with
filename.tar.
You can expand a
gzip tar
file in one command:
If you are new to Linux, you may see certain file types that you do
not recognize because of their unfamiliar
extension. A file's extension is the last part of
a file's name after the final dot (in the file
sneakers.txt, "txt" is that
file's extension).
Here is a brief listing of file extensions and their meanings:
For information on working with
bzip2,
gzip, and tar files, refer to
Section 14.3 File Compression and Archiving.
But file extensions are not always used, or used consistently. So what
happens when a file does not have an extension, or the file does not
seem to be what the extension says it is supposed to be?
That is when the
file command can be helpful.
For example, you find a file called
saturday
without an extension. Using the
file command, you can
tell what type of file it is by typing:
In the example, the command
file saturday will
display
ASCII text, telling you it is
a text file. Any file that is designated as a text file should be
readable by using the
cat, more,
or
less commands, or by using a text editor such as
gedit or
vi.
How do I change my login from the console to the graphical
screen?
Instead of logging in to your system at the console and typing the
startx command to start the X Window System, you
can configure your system so that you can log in directly to X.
You must edit one file,
/etc/inittab, by
changing just one number in the runlevel section. When you are
finished, reboot the computer. The next time you log in, you will have
a graphical login prompt.
Open a shell prompt. If you're in your user account,
su to root by typing
Now, type
gedit /etc/inittab to edit the file with
gedit. The file
/etc/inittab will open. Within the first screen,
you will see a section of the file which looks like this:
To change from a console to a graphical login, you should change the
number in the line
id:3:initdefault: from a
3 to a 5.
Change only the number of the default runlevel
from
3 to 5.
Your changed line should look like the following:
When you are satisfied with your change, save and exit the file using
the Now, your next login after reboot will be from the graphical
screen.
I installed an application I downloaded from the Internet,
and everything seemed to go fine, but I still get "command not found" when I type its name. I think I have the right name, so why will it
not start?
If you are trying to start an application from the shell prompt
and it is not working, try typing out the full directory path before the
name of the application's executable (such as
/usr/local/bin/my-executable).
For example, imagine that you have downloaded the
setiathome client application and want to try it
out. You follow the directions for installing the software, which
creates a subdirectory in your home directory called
seti/. Now, start the application using the full
path to the executable file as shown below:
The reason you may need to type the full pathnames in order to
start an application is because the executable was not placed in a
directory where your user shell environment knew it could be found
(such as
/usr/local/bin).
You can customize your settings so that you are not required to
use the type the full path to the application each time. To do this,
you will have to edit your PATH environment variable.
If you frequently start programs that are not located in a
directory that your user shell has been configured to search, you will
have to edit your user shell configuration file to add the directory
containing the executable you wish to run. You can do this by adding
the directory to your
PATH environment variable.
These instructions are intended only for
user accounts. Avoid modifying files such as the root user's
.bash_profile, because of the potential
security risks.
Start a text editor, such as
gedit or
vi, at a shell prompt. You can open the file
called
.bash_profile by typing the following:
You will see a
PATH statement, similar to the one shown
below.
To the end of this statement, add
$HOME/seti as shown
below:
Save the file and exit the text editor.
You can then make the changes to
.bash_profile take effect immediately by typing the
following command:
By adding paths to your
.bash_profile, you
can place utilities and programs in your path and be able to execute
them without having to type
./ in front of the command.
I have a dual-boot system with Red Hat Linux and Windows 98. Is
there a way to access my Windows partition while I am running
Linux?
You can access another partition on your system (for example, a
Windows partition), in two different ways.
You should first determine where your Windows partition is located
by determining what physical hard disk your Windows partition is located
in (such as the primary master IDE drive or the the first SCSI
drive). To find this information, you can use the
Hardware Browser, which lists detailed information
about the hardware in your Red Hat Linux system.
To start the
Hardware Browser, choose
Main Menu => System Tools =>
Hardware Browser.
Figure 16-1 shows
Hardware Browser in action.
Select
Hard Drives from the panel and
find your Windows partition from the
Disk
Information displayed. Windows partitions normally use the
FAT or FAT32 file system type. This file system type can be mounted and
read within Linux; however, if your Windows partition uses NTFS, then
you cannot mount and read from it as Red Hat Linux does not support NTFS
file systems. Note the
Device information for your
Windows partition, as this is the device that you mount to access your
Windows data.
Once you have determined where your Windows partition is located
on your hard drive, log in as root (type
su and
then enter the root password) at a shell prompt.
Create a directory in which the Windows partition will be mounted
by typing the following command. For example:
Before you can access the partition, you will need to mount it in
the directory you just created. As root, type the following command at a
shell prompt (where
/dev/hda1 is the Windows
partition you found via
Hardware Browser):
You may then logout of root user mode and access your Windows data
by changing into the mounted Windows partition:
To automatically mount a Windows partition every time you boot
your Red Hat Linux system, modify the
/etc/fstab"
file, which configures all file systems and disk device mounting
options.
At a shell prompt,
su to root, following the above example.
Next, open the
/etc/fstab in a text editor by
typing (for example):
Add the following on a new line (replacing
/dev/hda1 with the Windows partition you found via
Hardware Browser):
Save the file and exit your text editor.
The next time the system is rebooted, the
/etc/fstab"
file is read, and the Windows partition is automatically mounted in the directory
/mnt/windows. To access the partition at a shell prompt,
type the command
cd
/mnt/windows. To navigate through directories or files
with spaces, surround the name of the directory or file with quotation
marks, as in
ls "Program Files".
When you have finished working and want to quit GNOME, you are presented
with the choice of logging out of GNOME (leaving the system running),
restarting the machine, or halting the system completely.
To quit the graphical desktop, select the Log
Out menu item from the
Main Menu. This
will bring up a dialog which presents you with the options listed above.
There are two ways to log out of your KDE session. From the
Main Menu, select Logout
User, where
User is your account username. To log out
from the desktop, right-click on the desktop and, from the menu, select
Logout
User
where
User is your account username. In
either case click
Logout and your session will
end.
Figure A-17. KDE Logout Screen
If you have an edition of Red Hat Linux 9, please remember to
sign up for the benefits you are entitled to as a Red Hat customer.
You will be entitled to any or all of the following benefits, depending
upon the Red Hat Linux product you purchased:
To sign up, go to
http://www.redhat.com/apps/activate/.
You will find your Product ID on a black, red, and white card in your Red Hat Linux box.
To read more about technical support for Red Hat Linux, refer to the
Getting Technical Support Appendix in the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide.
Good luck, and thank you for choosing Red Hat Linux! The Red Hat Documentation Team
When you first started your Red Hat Linux system after installation, you
were given the opportunity to create one or more user accounts using the
Setup Agent. If you did not create at
least one account (not including the root account) you should do so
now. You should avoid working in the root account for daily tasks.
There are two ways to create new and/or additional user accounts:
using the graphical
User Manager application
or from a shell prompt.
To create a user account graphically using the
User Manager:
You can also start the
User Manager
by typing
redhat-config-users at a shell
prompt.
To create a user account from a shell prompt:
You should take precautions when you choose a password. The
password is the key to your account, so it should be both unique
and easy for you to remember. Your password should be at least six
characters. You can use both uppercase and lowercase letters, as
well as numbers and characters. Avoid easy selections, such as
qwerty or
password. If you want to pick an
easy-to-remember but somewhat unique password, consider a
variation of a word, such as
a1rPl4nE for
airplane.
There are several resources available to get the information you
need to use and configure your Red Hat Linux system. Along with the Red Hat Linux
documentation there are manual pages, documents
that detail usage of important applications and files; INFO
pages which break information about an application down by
context-sensitive menus; and help files that are
included in the main menubar of graphical applications. You can choose
any method of accessing documentation that best suits your needs, as all
of these resources are either already installed on your Red Hat Linux system or
can be easily installed.
Applications, utilities, and shell prompt commands usually have
corresponding manual pages (also called man pages) that show the
reader available options and values of file or executable. Man Pages
are structured in such a way that users can quickly scan the page for
pertinent information, which is important when dealing with commands
that they have never previously encountered.
Man Pages can be accessed via shell prompt by typing the command
man and the name of the executable. For example, to
access the man page for the
ls command, type the
following:
The
NAME field shows the
executable's name and a brief explanation of what function the
executable performs. The
SYNOPSIS
field shows the common usage of the executable, such as what options
are declared and what types of input (such as files or values) the
executable supports. The
DESCRIPTION
field shows available options and values associated with a file or
executable.
See Also shows related
terms, files, and programs.
To navigate the man page you can use the To search a man page for keywords type Printing man pages is a useful way to archive commonly used commands, perhaps in bound form for quick reference. If you have a printer available and configured for use with Red Hat Linux you can print a man page by typing the following command at a shell prompt:
The example above combines separates commands into one unique
function.
man command
will output the contents of the
command
man page to
col, which formats the contents to
fit within a printed page. The
lpr command sends
the formatted content to the printer.
If you have the Red Hat Linux boxed set, remember to take a look at the
Red Hat Linux Documentation CD. All of the Red Hat Linux manuals are on this
CD. Individual downloads of our documentation in HTML, RPM, PDF, and
compressed tarball format
(
.tar.gz) are also available at
http://www.redhat.com/docs/. Once
you have logged in to your user account, inserting the Documentation CD
in your CD-ROM drive should automatically start the
Package Management Tool and allow you to install any of
the Red Hat Linux documentation. Follow the instructions and choose the
documentation you would like to install.
After you have installed the documentation packages you want, you
can access them at any time by clicking
Main
Menu =>
Documentation.
If you have downloaded individual documentation RPM packages from
the Red Hat website at
http://www.redhat.com/docs/ you
can install these manuals from a shell prompt. Open a shell prompt, and
type the following at the command line:
Press Press To install only certain manuals, replace
rhl-*.rpm with the full file name of the manual
that you want to install. For example, the file name for the
Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide will look something like
rhl-gsg-en-9.noarch.rpm, so you would type
the following to install it on your system:
Press Now go to
Main Menu =>
Documentation and select the manual you want to
read.
When you learn about a new operating system, you should also learn
new terminology. This section defines a few basic terms you should
learn. You will see these terms often throughout all Red Hat Linux
documentation including the Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide:
Although the emphasis throughout this book is on navigation and
productivity using the graphical desktop environment, both the graphical
and shell prompt methods of logging in and using your Red Hat Linux system are
discussed for your reference.
When you installed Red Hat Linux you had the opportunity to install a
graphical environment. Once you start the X Window System,
you will find a graphical interface known as a
desktop similar to
Figure 1-9.
The next step to using your Red Hat Linux system is to log in. When you log
in, you are introducing yourself to the system (also called
authentication). If you type the wrong user name or
password, you will not be allowed access to your system.
Unlike some other operating systems, your Red Hat Linux system uses accounts
to manage privileges, maintain security, and more. Not all accounts are
created equal: some accounts have fewer rights to access files or
services than others.
Red Hat Linux applications and files are case
sensitive, which means that typing
root refers to a different account
than
Root. By default,
root refers to the root user (also
known as the superuser), or system administrator.
If you did not create a user account using the
Setup Agent, log in as
root. After you create a user account, it is highly recommended that you
log in as that user instead of root to prevent accidental damage to your
Red Hat Linux installation.
Because your Red Hat Linux system creates the root account during
installation, some new users are tempted to use only this account for
all of their activities. This is a dangerous idea, because the root
account is allowed to do anything on the system. You can damage
your system by accidentally deleting or modifying sensitive system
files. You may be tempted to forego creating and using a user account
during or after installation, but it is not
recommended.
When your system has booted, a graphical login screen is displayed. Again, unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname, which is primarily used in a network setting, your machine will probably be called localhost.
To log in as root from the graphical login screen, type
root at the login prompt, press
Logging in from the graphical login screen automatically starts the
graphical desktop for you.
During installation, if you selected an installation type other than
Workstation or Personal Desktop and chose text as your login type, you
will see a login prompt similar to the following after booting your
system:
Unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname, which is
primarily used in a network setting, your machine will probably be
called
localhost.localdomain.
To log in as root from the console, type
root
at the login prompt, press After logging in, you can type the command
startx to
start the graphical desktop.
To log out your graphical desktop session, select
Main
Menu =>
Log Out.
When the confirmation dialog appears as select the Logout option and click the Yes button. To save the configuration of your desktop, as well as any programs which are running, check the Save current setup option.
If you are not using the X Window System, and you logged in at the
console, type
exit or
Before turning off your computer, it is important to properly shut down
Red Hat Linux. Never turn your computer off without
shutting down first, as you may lose unsaved data or damage your system.
If you are in the graphical desktop, log out of your session as described in Section 1.8 Logging Out. From the graphical desktop logout screen select Shutdown and click OK to confirm.
Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down
Red Hat Linux. If your computer does not, you can safely turn off the power to
your computer after you see the message:
To shutdown your computer at a shell prompt, type the following
command:
Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down
Red Hat Linux. If your computer does not, you can safely turn off the power to
your computer after you see the message:
System
halted.
The desktop offers access to a shell prompt,
an application that allows you to type commands instead of using a
graphical interface for all computing activities. While the
Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide primarily focuses on performing tasks
using the graphical interface and graphical tools, it is sometimes
useful and faster to perform tasks from a shell prompt.
You can open a shell prompt by selecting
Main
Menu =>
System Tools =>
Terminal.
You can also start a shell prompt by right-clicking on the desktop
and choosing
New Terminal from the menu.
To exit a shell prompt, click the
X button on
the upper right corner of the shell prompt window, type
exit at the prompt, or press
Place the first Red Hat Linux CD-ROM in your CD-ROM drive. Select
Yes when asked if you want to run the
autorun program from the CD. It then prompts you for
the root password so that you can install packages.
If you enter the correct root password, the
Package Management Tool interface appears and allows you
to select packages groups to install as well as individual packages
within the groups.
Installing Software with the
Package Management Tool
The
Package Management Tool marks what packages are
already installed on your system with a checkmark. You can add packages
by clicking the checkbox next to each package. To uninstall a package,
remove the checkmark (see
Figure 15-4).
After selecting packages, click the Update
button to install or uninstall the selected packages.
It is recommended that new users use Red Hat Network to download and
install/upgrade packages. Updating Errata packages from the Red Hat Linux Errata
website is recommended for more experienced Red Hat Linux users. It also requires
users to resolve software dependencies manually. A software dependency is when a package is dependent on other package being
installed.
All Security Alerts, Bug Fix Alerts, and Enhancement Alerts (collective
known as Errata Alerts) can also be downloaded from the Red Hat website at
http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/errata/.
Click on the Red Hat Linux version you are using to view a list of all available
errata for Red Hat Linux. Click on the name of the Errata Alert that you want to
apply to your system. Instructions for updating the packages are on the
individual Errata pages. Red Hat, Inc. tests and approves the RPMs posted
on this site. RPMs downloaded from other sites are not supported.
If you have downloaded packages from an errata on the Red Hat website,
you can install them by opening your file manager and double-clicking
the package you want to install. The
Package Management Tool should open up and check the
package for any dependencies you need to fulfill before installation,
such as package or library files needed. If all goes well, the package
will be installed and you can immediately begin using the software from
the installed package. However, if there are dependencies, the
Package Management Tool will alert you with suggested
files and packages you need to install.
The packages necessary to fulfill the dependency issues can be
installed by following the steps in
Section 15.3 Installation CD-ROMs.
Video card configuration is handled during the Red Hat Linux installation
(refer to the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide for more
information). However, if you did not choose to configure a video card
at that time, or if you need to reconfigure your settings, you can use
the
X Configuration Tool utility. You should do
this, for example, if you install a new video card.
The
X Configuration Tool backs up your
system's original video configuration file to
/etc/X11/XF86Config.backup in case you need it to
switch back to a previous configuration.
To run the
X Configuration Tool, click
Main Menu => System
Settings =>
Display. A pop-up
window prompts you for your root password. You can also start from a
shell prompt by typing the command
redhat-config-xfree86, which then prompt you to input
your root password. If you are working from a shell prompt and X is not
working,
redhat-config-xfree86 attempts to start a
minimal X session to allow you to continue your configuration. Follow
the instructions that appear on the
screen.
X Configuration Tool attempts to
automatically configure your video card and monitor settings for
you.
Figure 10-6 shows the
Advanced tab for configuring your video device
manually.
To configure your monitor manually, click the
Advanced tab, then click the
Configure... button next to the Monitor
Type entry. A pop-up window will display a list of monitor
models. Choose your model and click
OK. You can
also let
X Configuration Tool probe your monitor
for the correct model and vertical/horizontal frequency settings.
To configure your video card manually, click the Advanced tab, then click the Configure... button next to the Video Card entry. A pop-up window will display a list of video card models. Choose your model and click OK. You can also let X Configuration Tool probe your video card for the correct model and settings by clicking the Probe Videocard button.
When you have finished reconfiguring your video card and monitor, you should be able to start an X session and enjoy your graphical desktop environment.
When you send a print job to the printer daemon, such as printing text file from Emacs or printing an image from The GIMP, the print job is added to the print spool queue. The print spool queue is a list of print jobs that have been sent to the printer and information about each print request, such as the status of the request, the username of the person who sent the request, the hostname of the system that sent the request, the job number, and more.
If you are running a graphical desktop environment, click the Printer Manager icon on the panel to start the GNOME Print Manager.
It can also be started by selecting Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => System Tools => Print Manager.
To change the printer settings, right-click on the icon for the printer and select Properties. The Printer Configuration Tool is then started.
Double-click on a configured printer to view the print spool queue as shown
in
Figure 8-8.
To cancel a specific print job listed in the GNOME Print
Manager, select it from the list and select
Edit => Cancel Documents
from the pulldown menu.
If there are active print jobs in the print spool, a printer notification icon might appears in the Panel Notification Area of the desktop panel. Because it probes for active print jobs every five seconds, the icon might not be displayed for short print jobs.
Clicking on the printer notification icon starts the GNOME Print Manager to display a list of current print jobs.
Also located on the Panel is a Print Manager icon. To print a file from Nautilus, browse to the location of the file and drag and drop it on to the Print Manager icon on the Panel. Click OK to start printing the file.
To view the list of print jobs in the print spool from a shell prompt, type the command lpq. The last few lines will look similar to the following:
Example 8-1. Example of
lpq output
If you want to cancel a print job, find the job number of the request
with the command
lpq and then use the command
lprm job number. For
example,
lprm 902 would cancel the print job in
Example 8-1. You must have proper permissions to cancel
a print job. You can not cancel print jobs that were started by other
users unless you are logged in as root on the machine to which the printer
is attached.
You can also print a file directly from a shell prompt. For example, the command lpr sample.txt will print the text file sample.txt. The print filter determines what type of file it is and converts it a format the printer can understand.
Adding an Image to Your Document
OpenOffice.org Calc
OpenOffice.org Calc
Creating Charts with OpenOffice.org Calc
OpenOffice.org Impress
OpenOffice.org Impress
OpenOffice.org Impress> AutoPilot Wizard
OpenOffice.org Draw
OpenOffice.org Draw
Email Applications
Evolution
Evolution Welcome Screen
Evolution Main Screen
Evolution Inbox Screen
Evolution New Email Message Screen
Root
Connecting to the Internet
Types of Internet connections include:
Internet Configuration Wizard
Printer Configuration
The
Printer Configuration Tool
Frequently Asked Questions
Localhost Login and Password
Getting Started
Setup Agent
Setup Agent
User Account
Date and Time Configuration
Red Hat Network Registration Client
Installing Additional Software
Installing and Updating Red Hat Linux Packages
Red Hat Network
Your RHN
Relevant Errata
Keyboard Shortcuts
Nautilus
Nautilus Web Search
Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts
Shortcut Description
Open a new tab for browsing multiple websites within one
browser window
Open a new browser window
Close all browser windows and exits the application
Move the cursor to the browser's address field
Print the current displayed webpage or document
Move forward by one link or page
Move backward by one link or page
Reload the current page
Open the browsing history
Find a keyword or string within a page
Time Zone Configuration
Timezone Properties
Using
Nautilus
Using the Panel
Using the Main Menu
Using Applets
Workspace Switcher
The Taskbar
Using the Notification Area
Red Hat Network Notification Tool
Authentication Icon
The Printer Notification Icon
Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel
The Weather Report Applet on the Panel
Configuring the Desktop Panel
The Start Here Window
Customizing the Desktop
Changing your Desktop Background
The Background Preferences Tool
The Desktop with a New Background
Customizing your System
CD-ROMs
Using CD-ROMs with Your File Manager
Contents of a CD-ROM in Nautilus
Using CD-ROMs From a Shell Prompt
mount /mnt/cdrom
umount /mnt/cdrom
CD-Rs and CD-RWs
Using
CD Creator
The CD Creator Interface in Nautilus
The CD Creator Write Dialog Box
The CD Creator Write Status Window
Using
X-CD-Roast
X-CD-Roast> Setup Screen
Using
X-CD-Roast to Duplicate CD-ROMs
Using X-CD-Roast to Duplicate CDs
Using
X-CD-Roast to Create a
CD
Using X-CD-Roast to Back-up Hard Drive Files
Writing ISOs with
X-CD-Roast
Using CD-Rs and CD-RWs with Command Line Tools
Using
mkisofs
mkisofs -o backup.iso -x /home/joeuser/junk/ -J -R -A -V -v /home/joeuser/
Option Function
-o
Specifies an output file name of the ISO image.
-J
Generates Joliet
naming records; useful if the CD is used in Windows
environments.
-R
Generates Rock Ridge (RR) naming records to preserve
filename length and casing, especially for UNIX/Linux
environments.
-A
Sets an Application ID — a text string that will
be written into the volume header of the image which can be
useful to determine what applications are on the CD.
-V
Sets a Volume ID — a name that is assigned to
it if the image is burned, and the disc is mounted in Solaris
and Windows environments.
-v
Sets verbose execution, which is useful for viewing the
status of the image as it is being made.
-x
Excludes any directory immediately following this
option; this option can be repeated (for example,
... -x /home/joe/trash -x /home/joe/delete
...).
Using
cdrecord
cdrecord -scanbus
Cdrecord 1.8 (i686-pc-linux-gnu) Copyright (C) 1995-2000 Jorg Schilling
Using libscg version 'schily-0.1'
scsibus0:
0,0,0 0) *
0,1,0 1) *
0,2,0 2) *
0,3,0 3) 'HP ' 'CD-Writer+ 9200 ' '1.0c' Removable CD-ROM
0,4,0 4) *
0,5,0 5) *
0,6,0 6) *
0,7,0 7) *
cdrecord -v -eject speed=4 dev=0,3,0 backup.iso
cdrecord --dev=0,3,0 --blank=fast
Viewing PDFs
xpdf
Editing Text Files
gedit
Shell Prompt Text Editors
vi
KMail
KMail Main Screen
KMail New Email Message Screen
Mozilla Mail
Mozilla Mail and News
Mozilla and Newsgroups
Newsgroup Account Setup
Plain Text Email Clients
Using
Mutt
mutt Main Screen
Troubleshooting Your Sound Card
Sound Card Configuration Tool
If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work
Manual Sound Card Configuration
alias sound sb
alias midi opl3
options opl3 io=0x388
options sb io=0x220 irq=7 dma=0,1 mpu_io=0x300
Playing Digital Videos
The Xine Panel
Additional Resources
Installed Documentation
Useful Websites
The Load Image Dialog
Saving a File
GIMP Options
An Image modified with a GIMP Filter
Using the Text Tool on an Image
A.7. Using
Konqueror to View Images
Document Conventions
$ ls
Desktop about.html logs paulwesterberg.png
Mail backupfiles mail reports
Copying and Pasting Text With X
A.9. Customizing KDE
Working with Multiple Desktops
A.4.2.2. Viewing The Taskbar
A.4.3. Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel
A.4.4. Configuring the KDE Panel
A.8. KMail
A.5. Managing Files
A.5.1. The Navigation Panel
Command History and Tab Completion
cat sneakrs.txt
more .bash_history
history | grep sneak
File Compression and Archiving
Using
File Roller
File Roller in Action
Decompressing and Unarchiving with
File
Roller
Creating Archives with
File Roller
Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt
Compression Tool File Extension Uncompression Tool
gzip
.gz
gunzip
bzip2
.bz2
bunzip2
zip
.zip
unzip
Bzip2 and Bunzip2
bzip2 filename
bunzip2 filename.bz2
bzip2 filename.bz2 file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school
Gzip and Gunzip
gzip filename
gunzip filename.gz
gzip -r filename.gz file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school
Zip and Unzip
zip -r filename.zip filesdir
unzip filename.zip
zip -r filename.zip file1 file2 file3 /usr/work/school
Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt
tar -cvf filename.tar directory/file
tar -cvf filename.tar /home/mine/work /home/mine/school
tar -tvf filename.tar
tar -xvf filename.tar
tar -cjvf filename.tbz file
tar -xjvf filename.tbz
tar -czvf filename.tgz file
tar -xzvf filename.tgz
Identifying and Working with File Types
Compressed and Archived Files
File Formats
.au — an audio file
.gif — a GIF image file
.html/.htm — an HTML file
.jpg — a JPEG image file
.pdf — an electronic image of a document; PDF stands for Portable Document Format
.png — a PNG image file (short for Portable Network Graphic)
.ps — a PostScript file; formatted for printing
.txt — a plain ASCII text file
.wav — an audio file
System Files
.conf — a configuration file. Configuration files sometimes use the .cfg extension, as well.
.lock — a lock file; determines whether a program or device is in use
.rpm — a Red Hat Package Manager file used to install software
Programming and Scripting Files
.c — a C program language source code file
.cpp — a C++ program language source code file
.h — a C or C++ program language header file
.o — a program object file
.pl — a Perl script
.py — a Python script
.so — a library file
.sh — a shell script
.tcl — a TCL script
file saturday
Changing Login from Console to X at Startup
su
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:3:initdefault:
id:5:initdefault:
Starting Applications
/home/joe/seti/setiathome
Editing Your PATH
gedit .bash_profile
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin:
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/bin/:$HOME/seti:
source .bash_profile
Accessing a Windows Partition
Hardware Browser hard disk device listing
mkdir /mnt/windows
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows
cd /mnt/windows
gedit /etc/fstab"
/dev/hda1 /mnt/windows vfat auto,umask=0 0 0
Logging Out
The Desktop Log Out Confirmation
A.10. Logging Out of KDE
Sign Up for Support
Creating a User Account
The Red Hat User Manager
Documentation and Help
Manual Pages
Using
man
man ls
Reading a Man Page with the Shell Prompt
Printing a Man Page
man command| col -b | lpr
The
man Man Page
Red Hat Linux Documentation
Package Management Tool Displaying Documentation Available for Installation
su
rpm -ivh rhl-*.rpm
rpm -ivh /mnt/cdrom/rhl-gsg-en-9.noarch.rpm
Introductory Terms
The Desktop Panel
A Shell Prompt
Graphical Interface
The Graphical Desktop
Logging In
Graphical Login
The Graphical Login Screen
Virtual Console Login
Red Hat Linux release 9
Kernel 2.4.18-14 on an i686
localhost login:
Logging Out
8.1. Graphical Logout
Logout Confirmation
Virtual Console Logout
Shutting Down your Computer
Graphical Shutdown
Power down.
Virtual Console Shutdown
halt
Opening a Shell Prompt
Installation CD-ROMs
Individual Package Selection
Errata List
Downloaded Packages
RPM Package Dependencies
Troubleshooting Your Video Card
X Configuration Tool
Managing Print Jobs
GNOME Print Manager
List of Print Jobs
Printer Notification Icon
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Rank Owner/ID Class Job Files Size Time
active user@localhost+902 A 902 sample.txt 2050 01:20:46
