init
INIT(8) Linux System Administrator's Manual INIT(8)NAME
init, telinit - process control initializationSYNOPSIS
/sbin/init [ -a ] [ -s ] [ -b ] [ -z xxx ] [ 0123456Ss ] /sbin/telinit [ -t sec ] [ 0123456sSQqabcUu ]DESCRIPTION
Init Init is the parent of all processes. Its primary role is to create processes from a script stored in the file /etc/inittab (see inittab(5)). This file usually has entries which cause init to spawn gettys on each line that users can log in. It also controls autonomous processes required by any particular system. RUNLEVELS A runlevel is a software configuration of the system which allows only a selected group of processes to exist. The processes spawned by init for each of these runlevels are defined in the /etc/inittab file. Init can be in one of eight runlevels: 0-6 and S or s. The runlevel is changed by having a privileged user run telinit, which sends appropriate signals to init, telling it which runlevel to change to. Runlevels 0, 1, and 6 are reserved. Runlevel 0 is used to halt the system, runlevel 6 is used to reboot the system, and runlevel 1 is used to get the system down into single user mode. Runlevel S is not really meant to be used directly, but more for the scripts that are executed when entering runlevel 1. For more information on this, see the manpages for shutdown(8) and inittab(5). Runlevels 7-9 are also valid, though not really docu mented. This is because "traditional" Unix variants don't use them. In case you're curious, runlevels S and s are in fact the same. Internally they are aliases for the same runlevel. BOOTING After init is invoked as the last step of the kernel boot sequence, it looks for the file /etc/inittab to see if there is an entry of the type initdefault (see init tab(5)). The initdefault entry determines the initial run level of the system. If there is no such entry (or no /etc/inittab at all), a runlevel must be entered at the system console. Runlevel S or s bring the system to single user mode and do not require an /etc/initttab file. In single user mode, a root shell is opened on /dev/console. When entering single user mode, init reads the console's ioctl(2) states from /etc/ioctl.save. If this file does not exist, init initializes the line at 9600 baud and with CLOCAL settings. When init leaves single user mode, it stores the console's ioctl settings in this file so it can re-use them for the next single-user session. When entering a multi-user mode for the first time, init performs the boot and bootwait entries to allow file sys tems to be mounted before users can log in. Then all entries matching the runlevel are processed. When starting a new process, init first checks whether the file /etc/initscript exists. If it does, it uses this script to start the process. Each time a child terminates, init records the fact and the reason it died in /var/run/utmp and /var/log/wtmp, provided that these files exist. CHANGING RUNLEVELS After it has spawned all of the processes specified, init waits for one of its descendant processes to die, a power fail signal, or until it is signaled by telinit to change the system's runlevel. When one of the above three condi tions occurs, it re-examines the /etc/inittab file. New entries can be added to this file at any time. However, init still waits for one of the above three conditions to occur. To provide for an instantaneous response, the telinit Q or q command can wake up init to re-examine the /etc/inittab file. If init is not in single user mode and receives a power fail signal (SIGPWR), it reads the file /etc/powerstatus. It then starts a command based on the contents of this file: F(AIL) Power is failing, UPS is providing the power. Exe cute the powerwait and powerfail entries. O(K) The power has been restored, execute the powerokwait entries. L(OW) The power is failing and the UPS has a low battery. Execute the powerfailnow entries. If /etc/powerstatus doesn't exist or contains anything else then the letters F, O or L, init will behave as if it has read the letter F. Usage of SIGPWR and /etc/powerstatus is discouraged. Some one wanting to interact with init should use the /dev/initctl control channel - see the source code of the sysvinit package for more documentation about this. When init is requested to change the runlevel, it sends the warning signal SIGTERM to all processes that are unde fined in the new runlevel. It then waits 5 seconds before forcibly terminating these processes via the SIGKILL sig nal. Note that init assumes that all these processes (and their descendants) remain in the same process group which init originally created for them. If any process changes its process group affiliation it will not receive these signals. Such processes need to be terminated separately. TELINIT /sbin/telinit is linked to /sbin/init. It takes a one- character argument and signals init to perform the appro priate action. The following arguments serve as direc tives to telinit: 0,1,2,3,4,5 or 6 tell init to switch to the specified run level. a,b,c tell init to process only those /etc/inittab file entries having runlevel a,b or c. Q or q tell init to re-examine the /etc/inittab file. S or s tell init to switch to single user mode. U or u tell init to re-execute itself (preserving the state). No re-examining of /etc/inittab file hap pens. Run level should be one of Ss12345, otherwise request would be silently ignored. telinit can also tell init how long it should wait between sending processes the SIGTERM and SIGKILL signals. The default is 5 seconds, but this can be changed with the -t sec option. telinit can be invoked only by users with appropriate privileges. The init binary checks if it is init or telinit by looking at its process id; the real init's process id is always 1. From this it follows that instead of calling telinit one can also just use init instead as a shortcut. ENVIRONMENT Init sets the following environment variables for all its children: PATH /usr/local/sbin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin INIT_VERSION As the name says. Useful to determine if a script runs directly from init. RUNLEVEL The current system runlevel. PREVLEVEL The previous runlevel (useful after a runlevel switch). CONSOLE The system console. This is really inherited from the kernel; however if it is not set init will set it to /dev/console by default. BOOTFLAGS It is possible to pass a number of flags to init from the boot monitor (eg. LILO). Init accepts the following flags: -s, S, single Single user mode boot. In this mode /etc/inittab is examined and the bootup rc scripts are usually run before the single user mode shell is started. 1-5 Runlevel to boot into. -b, emergency Boot directly into a single user shell without run ning any other startup scripts. -a, auto The LILO boot loader adds the word booted the kernel with the default command line (without user interven tion). If this is found init sets the variable to measures - ofcourse the user could specify command line manually. -z xxx The argument to -z is ignored. You can use this to expand the command line a bit, so that it takes some more space on the stack. Init can then manipulate the command line so that ps(1) shows the current run level. INTERFACE Init listens on a fifo in /dev, /dev/initctl, for mes sages. Telinit uses this to communicate with init. The interface is not very well documented or finished. Those interested should study the initreq.h file in the src/ subdirectory of the init source code tar archive. SIGNALS Init reacts to several signals: SIGHUP Init looks for /etc/initrunlvl and /var/log/initrun lvl. If one of these files exist and contain an ASCII runlevel, init switches to the new runlevel. This is for backwards compatibility only! . In the normal case (the files don't exist) init behaves like telinit q was executed. SIGUSR1 On receipt of this signals, init closes and re-opens it's control fifo, /dev/initctl. Useful for bootscripts when /dev is remounted. SIGINT Normally the kernel sends this signal to init when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed. It activates the ctrlaltdel action. SIGWINCH The kernel sends this signal when the KeyboardSignal key is hit. It activates the kbrequest action. CONFORMING TO Init is compatible with the System V init. It works closely together with the scripts in the directories /etc/init.d and /etc/rc{runlevel}.d. If your system uses this convention, there should be a README file in the directory /etc/init.d explaining how these scripts work.FILES
/etc/inittab" /etc/initscript /dev/console /etc/ioctl.save /var/run/utmp /var/log/wtmp /dev/initctlWARNINGS
Init assumes that processes and descendants of processes remain in the same process group which was originally cre ated for them. If the processes change their group, init can't kill them and you may end up with two processes reading from one terminal line. DIAGNOSTICS If init finds that it is continuously respawning an entry more than 10 times in 2 minutes, it will assume that there is an error in the command string, generate an error mes sage on the system console, and refuse to respawn this entry until either 5 minutes has elapsed or it receives a signal. This prevents it from eating up system resources when someone makes a typographical error in the /etc/init tab file or the program for the entry is removed.AUTHOR
Miquel van Smoorenburg (miquels@cistron.nl), initial man ual page by Michael Haardt (u31b3hs@pool.informatik.rwth- aachen.de).SEE ALSO
getty(1), login(1), sh(1), runlevel(8), shutdown(8), kill(1), inittab(5), initscript(5), utmp(5) 11 February 2000 INIT(8)