Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Mark Welter
INTERNET-DRAFT Brian W. Spolarich
draft-ietf-idn-dude-00.txt WALID, Inc.
November 16, 2000 Expires May 16, 2001
DUDE: Differential Unicode Domain Encoding
Status of this memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all
provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
The distribution of this document is unlimited.
Copyright (c) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes a tranformation method for representing
Unicode character codepoints in host name parts in a fashion that is
completely compatible with the current Domain Name System. It provides
for very efficient representation of typical Unicode sequences as
host name parts, while preserving simplicity. It is proposed as a
potential candidate for an ASCII-Compatible Encoding (ACE) for supporting
the deployment of an internationalized Domain Name System.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Terminology
2. Hostname Part Transformation
2.1 Post-Converted Name Prefix
2.2 Radix Selection
2.3 Hostname Prepartion
2.4 Definitions
2.5 DUDE Encoding
2.5.1 Extended Variable Length Hex Encoding
2.5.2 DUDE Compression Algorithm
2.5.3 Forward Transformation Algorithm
2.6 DUDE Decoding
2.6.1 Extended Variable Length Hex Decoding
2.6.2 DUDE Decompression Algorithm
2.6.3 Reverse Transformation Algorithm
3. Examples
3.1 'www.walid.com' (in Arabic)
4. DUDE Extensions
4.1 Extended DUDE Encoding
4.1.1 Modified Extended Variable Length Hex Encoding
4.1.2 Extended Compression Algorithm
4.1.3 Extended Forward Transformation Algorithm
4.2 Extended DUDE Decoding
4.2.1 Modified Extended Variable Length Hex Decoding
4.2.2 Extended Decompression Algorithm
4.2.3 Extended Reverse Transformation Algorithm
5. Security Considerations
6. References
1. Introduction
DUDE describes an encoding scheme of the ISO/IEC 10646 [ISO10646]
character set (whose character code assignments are synchronized
with Unicode [UNICODE3]), and the procedures for using this scheme
to transform host name parts containing Unicode character sequences
into sequences that are compatible with the current DNS protocol
[STD13]. As such, it satisfies the definition of a 'charset' as
defined in [IDNREQ].
1.1 Terminology
The key words "MUST", "SHALL", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED", and
"MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119
[RFC2119].
Hexadecimal values are shown preceded with an "0x". For example,
"0xa1b5" indicates two octets, 0xa1 followed by 0xb5. Binary values are
shown preceded with an "0b". For example, a nine-bit value might be
shown as "0b101101111".
Examples in this document use the notation from the Unicode Standard
[UNICODE3] as well as the ISO 10646 names. For example, the letter "a"
may be represented as either "U+0061" or "LATIN SMALL LETTER A".
DUDE converts strings with internationalized characters into
strings of US-ASCII that are acceptable as host name parts in current
DNS host naming usage. The former are called "pre-converted" and the
latter are called "post-converted". This specification defines both
a forward and reverse transformation algorithm.
2. Hostname Part Transformation
According to [STD13], hostname parts must start and end with a letter
or digit, and contain only letters, digits, and the hyphen character
("-"). This, of course, excludes most characters used by non-English
speakers, characters, as well as many other characters in the ASCII
character repertoire. Further, domain name parts must be 63 octets or
shorter in length.
2.1 Post-Converted Name Prefix
This document defines the string 'dq--' as a prefix to identify
DUDE-encoded sequences. For the purposes of comparison in the IDN
Working Group activities, the 'dq--' prefix should be used solely to
identify DUDE sequences. However, should this document proceed beyond
draft status the prefix should be changed to whatever prefix, if any,
is the final consensus of the IDN working group.
Note that the prepending of a fixed identifier sequence is only one
mechanism for differentiating ASCII character encoded international
domain names from 'ordinary' domain names. One method, as proposed in
[IDNRACE], is to include a character prefix or suffix that does not
appear in any name in any zone file. A second method is to insert a
domain component which pushes off any international names one or more
levels deeper into the DNS hierarchy. There are trade-offs between
these two methods which are independent of the Unicode to ASCII
transcoding method finally chosen. We do not address the international
vs. 'ordinary' name differention issue in this paper.
2.2 Radix Selection
There are many proposed methods for representing Unicode characters
within the allowed target character set, which can be split into groups
on the basis of the underlying radix. We have chosen a method with
radix 16 because both UTF-16 and ASCII are represented by even multiples
of four bits. This allows a Unicode character to be encoded as a
whole number of ASCII characters, and permits easier manipulation of
the resulting encoded data by humans.
2.3 Hostname Prepartion
The hostname part is assumed to have at least one character disallowed
by [STD13], and that is has been processed for logically equivalent
character mapping, filtering of disallowed characters (if any), and
compatibility composition/decomposition before presentation to the DUDE
conversion algorithm.
While it is possible to invent a transcoding mechanism that relies
on certain Unicode characters being deemed illegal within domain names
and hence available to the transcoding mechanism for improving encoding
efficiency, we feel that such a proposal would complicate matters
excessively. We also believe that Unicode name preprocessing for
both name resolution and name registration should be considered as
separate, independent issues, which we will address in a separate
document.
2.4 Definitions
For clarity:
'integer' is an unsigned binary quantity;
'byte' is an 8-bit integer quantity;
'nibble' is a 4-bit integer quantity.
2.5 DUDE Encoding
The idea behind this scheme is to provide compression by encoding the
contiguous least significant nibbles of a character that differ from the
preceding character. Using a variant of the variable length hex encoding
desribed in [IDNDUERST] and elsewhere, by encoding leading zero nibbles
this technique allows recovery of the differential length. The encoding
is, with some practice, easy to perform manually.
There are two extensions to this basic idea: one enables encoding the
preferred case for each charcter (for reverse DNS resolution) and
another improves the worse case behaviour related to surrogates. The
basic algorithms will be formally described first and then the extended
algorithms will be described.
2.5.1 Extended Variable Length Hex Encoding
The variable length hex encoding algorithm was introduced by Duerst in
[IDNDUERST]. It encodes an integer value in a slight modification of
traditional hexadecimal notation, the difference being that the most
significant digit is represented with an alternate set of "digits"
- -- 'g through 'v' are used to represent 0 through 15. The result is a
variable length encoding which can efficiently represent integers of
arbitrary length.
This specification extends the variable length hex encoding algorithm
to support the compression scheme defined below by potentially not
supressing leading zero nibbles.
The extended variable length nibble encoding of an integer, C,
to length N, is defined as follows:
1. Start with I, the Nth least significant nibble from the least
significant nibble of C;
2. Emit the Ith character of the sequence [ghijklmnopqrstuv];
3. Continue from the most to least significant, encoding each
remaining nibble J by emitting the Jth character of the
sequence [0123456789abcdef].
2.5.2 DUDE Compression Algorithm
1. Let PREV = 0;
2. If there are no more characters in the input, terminate successfully;
4. Let C be the next character in the input;
5. If C != '-' , then go to step 5;
6. Consume the input character, emit '-', and go to step 2;
7. Let D be the result of PREV exclusive ORed with C;
8. Find the least positive value N such that
D bitwise ANDed with M is zero
where M = the bitwise complement of (16**N) - 1;
9. Let V be C ANDed with the bitwise complement of M;
10. Variable length hex encode V to length N and emit the result;
11. Let PREV = C and go to step 2.
2.5.3 Forward Transformation Algorithm
The DUDE transformation algorithm accepts a string in UTF-16
[ISO10646] format as input. The encoding algorithm is as follows:
1. Break the hostname string into dot-separated hostname parts.
For each hostname part which contains one or more characters
disallowed by [STD13], perform steps 2 and 3 below;
2. Compress the hostname part using the method described in section
2.5.2 above, and encode using the encoding described in section
2.5.1;
3. Prepend the post-converted name prefix 'dq--' (see section 2.1
above) to the resulting string.
2.6 DUDE Decoding
2.6.1 Extended Variable Length Hex Decoding
Decoding extended variable length hex encoded strings is identical
to the standard variable length hex encoding, and is defined as
follows:
1. Let CL be the lower case of the first input character,
If CL is not in set [ghijklmnopqrstuv],
return error,
else
consume the input character;
2. Let R = CL - 'g',
Let N = 1;
3. If no more input characters exist, go to step 9.
4. Let CL be the lower case of the next input character;
5. If CL is not in the set [0123456789abcdef], go to Step 9;
6. Consume the next input character,
Let N = N + 1;
Let R = R * 16;
7. If N is in set [0123456789],
then let R = R + (N - '0')
else let R = R + (N - 'a') + 10;
8. Go to step 3;
9. Let MASK be the bitwise complement of (16**N) - 1;
10. Return decoded result R as well as MASK.
2.6.2 DUDE Decompression Algorithm
1. Let PREV = 0;
2. If there are no more input characters then terminate successfully;
3. Let C be the next input character;
4. If C == '-', append '-' to the result string, consume the character,
and go to step 2,
5. Let VPART, MASK be the next variable length hex decoded
value and mask;
6. If VPART > 0xFFFF then return error status,
7. Let CU = ( PREV bitwise-AND MASK) + VPART,
Let PREV = CU;
8. Append the UTF-16 character CU to the result string;
9. Go to step 2.
2.6.3 Reverse Transformation Algorithm
1. Break the string into dot-separated components and apply Steps
2 through 4 to each component;
2. Remove the post converted name prefix 'dq--' (see Section 2.1);
3. Decompress the component using the decompression algorithm
described above;
4. Concatenate the decoded segments with dot separators and return.
3. Examples
The examples below illustrate the encoding algorithm and provide
comparisons to alternate encoding schemes. UTF-5 sequences are
prefixed with '----', as no ACE prefix was defined for that encoding.
3.1 'www.walid.com' (in Arabic):
UTF-16: U+0645 U+0648 U+0642 U+0639 . U+0648 U+0644 U+064A U+062F .
U+0634 U+0631 U+0643 U+0629
DUDE: dq--m45oij9.dq--m48kqif.dq--m34hk3i9
UTF-6: wq--ymk5k8k2j9.wq--ymk8k4kaif.wq--ymj4j1k3i9
UTF-5: ----m45m48m42m39.----m48m44m4am2f.----m34m31m43m29
RACE: bq--azcuqqrz.bq--azeeisrp.bq--ay2dcqzj
LACE: bq--aqdekscche.bq--aqdeqrckf5.bq--aqddimkdfe
(more examples to come)
4. DUDE Extensions
The first extension to the DUDE concept recognizes that the first
character emitted by the variable length hex encoding algorithm is
always alphabetic. We encode the case (if any) of the original Unicode
character in the case of the initial "hex" character. Because the DNS
performs case-insensitive comparisons, mixed case international domain
names behave in exactly the same way as traditional domain names.
In particular, this enables reverse lookups to return names in the
preferred case.
The second extension regards the treatment of Unicode surrogate
characters. If surrogates are not expanded, two 16-bit surrogates are
needed to represent a single codepoint in the range of 0x10000
through 0x10FFFF. This cuts the worse case limits in half for most
proposals. We will assume that our input and output Unicode are in
UTF-32 format -- that is, any surrogates are expanded to their UCS-4
equivalents. If the input codes all fall under 0x10000, then the
extended method will emit the same length string as the basic method.
One final modification takes note of the fact that the only only
codepoints forcing the use of six hex digits is for those with a "10"
as the fifth and sixth digits. We will encode the fifth digit using
a seventeenth digit as a special case to avoid this extra expansion.
4.1 Extended DUDE Encoding
4.1.1 Modified Extended Variable Length Hex Encoding
The modified extended variable length hex encoding of an integer C to
length N with case U is performed as follows:
1. If C > 0x10FFFF return error status;
2. If N < 6 go to step 5; (this is true for characters from
the first 16 Planes)
3. If U is 'Uppercase' then emit 'W'
else emit 'w'; (special case for the 17th Plane)
4. go to step 7;
5. Let I be the Nth nibble from the right of C;
6. If U is 'Uppercase'
then emit the Ith character of sequence [GHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV],
else emit the Ith character of sequence [ghijklmnopqrstuv];
7. Let N = N - 1;
8. Continue from N to 1, encoding each remaining nibble, J, by
emitting the Jth character of sequence [0123456789abcdef].
4.1.2 Extended Compression Algorithm
1. Let PREV = 0;
2. If there are no more characters in the input, terminate successfully;
4. Let U be the case of the next character in the input;
Let C be the lowercase value of the next input character;
5. If C != '-' , then go to step 7;
6. Consume the input character, emit '-', and go to step 2;
7. Let D be the result of PREV exclusive ORed with C;
8. Find the least positive value N such that
D bitwise ANDed with M is zero
where M = the bitwise complement of (16**N) - 1;
9. Let V = C ANDed with the bitwise complement of M;
10. Emit the modified variable length hex encoding of V to length
N with case U;
11. Let PREV = C and go to step 2.
4.1.3 Extended Forward Transformation Algorithm
The overall extended encoding algorithm is as follows:
1. Break the hostname string into dot-separated hostname parts.
For each hostname part, perform steps 2 and 3 below;
2. Compress the component using the method described in section
4.1.2 above, and encode using the encoding described in section
4.1.1;
3. Prepend the post-converted name prefix 'dq--' (see section 2.1
above) to the resulting string.
4.2 Extended DUDE Decoding
4.2.1 Modified Extended Variable Length Hex Decoding
1. Let U be the case of the next input character,
Let C0 be the lower case of the next input character;
2. If C0 is not in set [ghijklmnopqrstuw] then return error status,
else, consume the input character;
3. Let R = C0 - 'g'
Let N = 1;
4. If no more input characters exist then go to step 8;
5. Let CL be the lower case of the next input character,
If CL is not in set [0123456789abcdef] then go to step 8;
6. Consume the next input character,
Let N = N + 1,
Let R = R * 16,
If CL is in set [0-9]
then let R = R + (CL - '0')
else let R = R + (CL - 'a') + 10;
7. Go to step 4;
8. If R < 0x100000 then go to step 10;
9. Let N = N + 1,
If (N > 6) or (C0 != 'w')
then return error status;
10. Let MASK be the bitwise complement of (16**N) - 1. Return
result R, MASK, and U.
4.2.2 Extended Decompression Algorithm
1. Let PREV = 0;
2. If there are no more input characters then terminate successfully;
3. Let C be the next input character;
4. If C == '-', append '-' to the result
string, consume the character, and go to step 2;
5. Let VPART, MASK, and U be the result of the modified extended
variable length decoded value;
6. Let CU = (PREV 'bitwise AND' MASK) + VPART,
Let PREV = CU;
7. If U == 'Uppercase' then let CU = the corresponding upper case value
of CU;
8. Append CU to the result string and go to step 2.
4.2.3 Extended Reverse Transformation Algorithm
1. Break the string into dot-separated components and apply Steps
2 through 4 to each component;
2. Remove the post converted name prefix 'dq--' (see Section 2.1);
3. Decompress the component using the extended decompression
algorithm described in section 4.2.2 above;
4. Concatenate the decoded segments with dot separators and return.
Note that DUDE decoding will return error for input strings which do
not comply with RFC1035.
5. Security Considerations
Much of the security of the Internet relies on the DNS and any
change to the characteristics of the DNS may change the security of
much of the Internet. Therefore DUDE makes no changes to the DNS itself.
DUDE is designed so that distinct Unicode sequences map to distinct
domain name sequences (modulo the Unicode and DNS equivalence rules).
Therefore use of DUDE with DNS will not negatively affect security.
6. References
[IDNCOMP] Paul Hoffman, "Comparison of Internationalized Domain Name
Proposals", draft-ietf-idn-compare;
[IDNRACE] Paul Hoffman, "RACE: Row-Based ASCII Compatible Encoding for
IDN", draft-ietf-idn-race;
[IDNREQ] James Seng, "Requirements of Internationalized Domain Names",
draft-ietf-idn-requirement;
[IDNNAMEPREP] Paul Hoffman and Marc Blanchet, "Preparation of
Internationalized Host Names", draft-ietf-idn-nameprep;
[IDNDUERST] M. Duerst, "Internationalization of Domain Names",
draft-duerst-dns-i18n;
[ISO10646] ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993. International Standard -- Information
technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) --
Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane. Five amendments and
a technical corrigendum have been published up to now. UTF-16 is
described in Annex Q, published as Amendment 1. 17 other amendments are
currently at various stages of standardization;
[RFC2119] Scott Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", March 1997, RFC 2119;
[STD13] Paul Mockapetris, "Domain names - implementation and
specification", November 1987, STD 13 (RFC 1035);
[UNICODE3] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard -- Version
3.0", ISBN 0-201-61633-5. Described at
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/Unicode3.0.html>.
A. Acknowledgements
The structure (and some of the structural text) of this document is
intentionally borrowed from the LACE IDN draft (draft-ietf-idn-lace-00)
by Mark Davis and Paul Hoffman.
B. IANA Considerations
There are no IANA considerations in this document.
C. Author Contact Information
Mark Welter
Brian W. Spolarich
WALID, Inc.
State Technology Park
2245 S. State St.
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
+1-734-822-2020
mwelter@walid.com
briansp@walid.com
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.1 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org
iD8DBQE6FZ/D/DkPcNgtD/0RAoswAKCUGBTSFJv96+Z+YnA8m47qrnheAgCeLQ6C
1+knyHluauC+66esCtPVoKU=
=hbT+
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----