Network Deployment (Distributed operating systems), v8.0 > Set up the application serving environment > Administer application servers > Configure virtual hosts
Virtual hosts
A virtual host is a configuration entity that enables a single host machine to resemble multiple host machines. It maintains a list of MIME types that it processes. We can associate a virtual host to one or more Web modules, but you can associate each web module with one and only one virtual host. Resources associated with one virtual host cannot share data with resources associated with another virtual host, even if the virtual hosts share the same physical machine.
Each virtual host has a logical name and a list of one or more DNS aliases by which it is known. A DNS alias is the TCP/IP hostname and port number used to request the servlet, for example yourHostName:80. When no port number is specified, 80 is assumed.
The virtual host configuration uses wildcard entries with the ports for its virtual host entries.
- The default alias is *:80, using an external port that is not secure.
- Aliases of the form *:9080 use the internal port that is not secure.
- Aliases of the form *:9443 use the secure internal port.
- Aliases of the form *:443 use the secure external port.
A client request for a servlet, JSP file, or related resource contains a DNS alias and a URI that is unique to that resource. When a client request for a servlet, JSP file, or related resource is received, the DNS alias is compared to the list of all known virtual host groups to locate the correct virtual host, and the URI is compared to the list of all known URI groups to locate the correct URI group. If the virtual host group and URI group are found, the request is sent to the corresponding server group for processing and a response is returned to browser. If a matching virtual host group or URI group is not found, an error is returned to the browser.
A virtual host is not associated with a particular node (machine). It is a configuration, rather than a live object, which is why you can create it, but cannot start or stop it. A default virtual host, named default_host, is automatically configured the first time you start an application server. Unless you specifically want to isolate resources from one another on the same node (physical machine), you probably do not need any virtual hosts in addition to the default host.
The DNS aliases for the default virtual host are configured as *:80 and *:9080, where port 80 is the HTTP server port and port 9080 is the port for the default server's HTTP transport. The default virtual host includes common aliases, such as the machine's IP address, short host name, and fully qualified host name. One of these aliases comprises the first part of the path for accessing a resource such as a servlet. For example, the alias localhost:80 is used in the http://localhost:80/myServlet.
Add a localhost to the virtual hosts adds the host name and IP address of the localhost machine to the alias table. This allows a remote user to access the admin console.
We can use the admin console to add or change DNS aliases to use ports other than the default ports. If you do make a change to a DNS alias, regenerate the web server plug-in configuration. We can use the administrative console to initiate the plug-in regeneration.
You might want to add additional aliases or change the default aliases if:
- The HTTP server instance is running on a port other than 80. Add the correct port number to each of the aliases. For example, change yourhost to yourhost:8000.
- You want to make HTTPS requests, which use SSL. To make HTTPS requests add port 443 to each of the aliases. Port 443 is the default port for SSL requests.
- Your web server instance is listening for SSL requests on a port other than 443. In this situation, add that port number to each of the aliases.
- You want to use a port other then default port (9080) for the application server.
- You want to use other aliases that are not listed.
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When you request a resource, the product tries to map the request to an alias of a defined virtual host. The http://host:port/ portion of the virtual host is not case sensitive, but the URL that follows is case sensitive. The match for the URL must be alphanumerically exact. Different port numbers are treated as different aliases.
For example...
http://www.myhost.com/myservlet
...maps successfully to...
http://WWW.MYHOST.COM/myservlet
...but not to...
http://WWW.MYHOST.COM/MYSERVLET
...or...
Www.Myhost.Com/Myservlet
In the latter two cases, these mappings fail because of case sensitivity. The...
http://www.myhost.com/myservlet
...does not map successfully to...
http://myhost/myservlet
...or to...
http://myhost:9876/myservlet
These mappings fail because they are not alphanumerically correct.
We can use wildcard entries for aliases by port and specify that all valid host name and address combinations on a particular port map to a particular virtual host.
If you request a resource using an alias that cannot be mapped to an alias of a defined virtual host, you receive a 404 error in the browser that you used to issue the request. A message states that the virtual host could not be found.
Two sets of associations occur for virtual hosts. Application deployment associates an application with a virtual host. Virtual host definitions associate the network address of the machine and the HTTP transport or web server port assignment of the application server with the virtual host. Looking at the flow from the web client request for the snoop servlet, for example, the following actions occur:
- The web client asks for the snoop servlet: at web address...
http://www.some_host.some_company.com:9080/snoop
- The some_host machine has the 9080 port assigned to the stand-alone application server, server1.
- server1 looks at the virtual host assignments to determine the virtual host that is assigned to the alias...
some_host.some_company.com:9080
- The application server finds that no explicit alias for that DNS string exists. However, a wild card assignment for host name * at port 9080 does exist. This is a match. The virtual host that defines the match is default_host.
- The application server looks at the applications deployed on the default_host and finds the snoop servlet.
- The application server serves the application to the web client and the requester is able to use the snoop servlet.
We can have any number of aliases for a virtual host. We can even have overlapping aliases, such as:
Virtual host Alias Port default_host * 9080 localhost * 9080 my_machine * 9080 my_machine.my_company.com * 9080 localhost * 80 The Application Server looks for a match using the explicit address specified on the web client address. However, it might resolve the match to any other alias that matches the pattern before matching the explicit address. Simply defining an alias first in the list of aliases does not guarantee the search order whenever the product is looking for a matching alias.
A problem can occur if you use the same alias for two different virtual hosts. For example, assume that you installed the default application and the snoop servlet on the default_host. You also have another virtual host called the admin_host. However, we have not installed the default application or the snoop servlet on the admin_host.
Virtual hosts with overlapping aliases. Assume that you define overlapping aliases for both virtual hosts because you accidentally defined port 9080 for the admin_host instead of port 9060:
Virtual host Alias Port default_host * 9080 localhost * 9080 admin_host * 9060 my_machine.com * 9080 Assume that a web client request comes in for...
http://my_machine.com:9080/snoop
If the application server matches the request against *:9080, the application is served from the default_host. If the application server matches the request to my.machine.com:9080, the application cannot be found. A 404 error occurs in the browser that issues the request. A message states that the virtual host could not be found.
This problem is the result of not finding the requested application in the first virtual host that has a matching alias. The correct way to code aliases is for the alias name on an incoming request to match only one virtual host in all of your virtual host definitions. If the URL can match more than one virtual host, you can see the problem just described. Configure virtual hosts